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The tissue-specific expressions of creatine kinase (CK) isoforms are regulated by the coordinated action of various transcription factors. The myogenic differentiation factor D (MyoD) family of proteins and the myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2 family of transcription factors are important in regulating the muscle-specific expression of cytosolic muscle-type CK (MCK) and mitochondrial CKs. As reported in some related studies, TNF-α mediated degradation of MyoD and myogenin mRNA may lead to severe muscle wasting and cachexia, which is characterized by a low transcript level of MCK and myosin heavy chain proteins. In our previous study, we reported on a complete loss of total CK activity and expression when sarcoma was induced in mouse skeletal muscle (Patra et al. FEBS J. 275 (2008) 3236–3247). This study aimed at investigating the transcriptional cascade of CK down-regulation in carcinogen-induced sarcoma in mouse muscle. Both CK deficiency and enhanced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were known to augment mitochondrial biogenesis, so we also explored the activation of the transcriptional cascade of mitochondrial biogenesis in this cancer. We observed the activation of the TNF-α-mediated nitric oxide production pathway with NFκB activation and concomitant degradation of MyoD and myogenin mRNA. Exploration of mitochondrial biogenesis revealed high cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial DNA content in sarcoma. The PGC-related co-activator seems to have a major role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating nuclear respiratory factors and mitochondrial transcription factor A. From the above findings, it can be concluded that severe muscle degeneration leads to CK down-regulation in sarcoma, and that the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis indicated a scenario representing both CK deficiency and NOS overexpression on the one hand, and altered bioenergetic profiling on the other.
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Canine mammary sarcomas are usually very aggressive and easily metastasize. Unfortunately the biology of this type of tumor is not well known because they are a very rare type of tumors. The aim of this study was to find differences in gene expression patterns in canine mammary osteosarcomas (malignant) versus osteomas (benign) using DNA microarrays. Our microarray experiment showed that 11 genes were up-regulated in osteosarcoma in comparison to osteoma whereas 36 genes were down-regulated. Among the up-regulated genes were: PDK1, EXT1, and EIF4H which are involved in AKT/PI3K and GLI/Hedgehog pathways. These genes play an important role in cell biology (cancer cell proliferation) and may be essential in osteosarcoma formation and development. Analyzing the down-regulated genes, the most interesting seemed to be HSPB8 and SEPP1. HSPB8 is a small heat shock protein that plays an important role in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and breast carcinogenesis. Also SEPP1 may play a role in carcinogenesis, as its down-regulation may induce oxidative stress possibly resulting in carcinogenesis. The preliminary results of the present study indicate that the up-regulation of three genes EXT1, EIF4H, and PDK1 may play an essential role in osteosarcoma formation, development and proliferation. In our opinion the cross-talk between GLI/Hedgehog and PI3K/AKT pathways may be a key factor to increase tumor proliferation and malignancy.
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