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Rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), larvae aged four days post-hatch and at the very beginning of swimbladder inflation were exposed to cadmium (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg dm⁻³) at 22.0°C (± 0.5°C) for 24 h. Following exposure, the larvae were reared in pure water in a recirculating system at 25.0°C (± 0.5°C) for the subsequent nine days. Cadmium resulted in reduced larval growth and survival, retarded swimbladder inflation, and the delayed onset of exogenous feeding on live Artemia nauplii. All these effects were dependent on concentration. The differences between the effects of cadmium at the lowest and the highest concentrations were significant (P ≤ 0.05). The results demonstrated the highly toxic effect of short-term exposure to 0.1 - 0.3 mg Cd dm⁻³ in rudd larvae.
Variation in life history strategies of rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) in Europe was evaluated based on published sources. The growth and lifespan were analysed as the main variables in life strategies of any fish. The results revealed that total length (TL) at age 1 year was correlated with latitude and faster growth during the first growing season leads to a shorter lifespan in Europe. Variation in length at age 1 year was more pronounced in southern (40–46°N: mean TL = 84.6 mm, SD = 27.2, n = 9) than in northern populations (49–61°N: mean TL = 46.4 mm, SD = 4.2, n = 10). Thus, rudd can show different life history strategies in southern populations whereas in northern populations these options are few.
Background. The study was carried out in the shallow, eutrophic Oświn Lake, in the area of the Seven Islands ornithological reserve (north-eastern Poland) to determine the infection of fish with digeneans maturing in piscivorous birds. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the occurrence of Posthodiplostomum cuticola in fish from two parts of the reservoir differing in environmental conditions. The effect of fish size and season of sampling on the infection level was analysed. Materials and Methods. Within 1998 and 1999, a total of 1091 fishes of 8 species dominating in the lake were examined. Samples were collected four times a year (in May, July, August, and October) simultaneously from the two examined parts of the lake. Results. Metacercariae of P. cuticola occurred with a high prevalence and intensity of infection in roach, rudd, white bream, and carp bream, and sporadically in crucian carp and European perch. The intensity of infection of fish from the western part of the lake was significantly higher compared with the eastern part; roach from the western pool were much more infected than in the other reservoirs of north Poland. The infection of roach, white bream and carp bream increased with total body length (TL), such a relationship was not reported for rudd. The infection of roach, white bream and carp bream varied significantly in different experimental periods while differences in the infection of rudd in samples were incidental. Conclusion. Location-dependent occurrence of P. cuticola in fishes indicates that interchange between fish groups from the eastern and western pool of Oświn Lake is limited. Infection of rudd was of a more incidental character then the infection of roach, white bream, and carp bream.
Background. In case of natural hybridisation of fish it is important to determine whether the hybrids attain sexual maturity and whether they can produce generation F2. The hybrids of rudd and carp bream, relatively frequent under natural conditions, have not been studied in the aspect of sexual maturity attainment. Materials and Methods. Histological examinations of gonads of 4-5 year old rudd and carp bream hybrids were carried out in experimental environments during the pre-spawning and spawning seasons of the parental species. Results. In development of oocytes the female hybrids of rudd and carp bream reached the stage of migrating nucleus and deterioration of the morphological structure of the nucleus. In case of male hybrids the presence of spermatids was confirmed. The stage of spermatozoa was not observed in case of hybrids of rudd and bream. In case of the control species (rudd) that stage was also not observed. It is possible that the lack of that stage was affected by the parameters of the culture environment. Nevertheless, the sexual products of male hybrids of rudd and bream as well as rudd were deposited. Conclusion. The studies show that the hybrids of rudd and carp bream may reach sexual maturity in the natural environments.
Throughout 3 years, a total of 721 various fish species, from the Łebsko Lagoon were examined. The most abundant groups of parasites were Digenea and Crustacea. Metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Nordmann, 1832) were found only in Cyprinidae (highest prevalence in rudd – 62.5%, and mean intensity in roach 12.71 indiv.). Metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. and Tylodelphys clavata (Nordmann, 1832), and also copepods Ergasilus sieboldi Nordmann, 1832 occurred in majority of examined fish species. The highest infection with Diplostomum spp. was noted in rudd (prev. 50.0%, int. 11.25 indiv.). T. clavata occurred with highest prevalence in pike (46.15%) and mean intensity amounted to 54.7 indiv. in perch. E. sieboldi was reported mostly from zander with typical for this fish Achtheres percarum (Nordmann, 1832) (prev. 75.0% and 92.86%; int. 6.0 indiv. and 10.92 indiv. respectively). Also nematode Anguillicola crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi and Hagaki, 1974) was noted with high prevalence 76.47% in eel. The remaining parasites species were noted less frequently.
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