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Proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis and swine dysentery (SD) with the etiological agent Brachyspira hyodysenteriae are the most common bacterial diarrheal diseases affecting pigs during the growing and finishing stages of production. The economic impact of PE and SD on swine production is attributable to mortality, reduced feed efficacy, costs of medication and additional animal care. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae infections in diarrheic and/or poor growth of pigs by examination of fecal samples obtained from Polish farms with farrow to finish production. On the basis of clinical interviews in 200 medium and large-scale farrow-to-finish pig holdings, 66 farms were chosen for further laboratory examinations. In the investigated farms diarrhoea and/or diversity in body weight was observed in weaners and finishers. Chosen farms were divided into 2 groups: farrow-to-finish medium-scale farms with up to 100 sows (M Farm) - 26 farms; and large-scale farms (above 100 sows; L Farm) - 40 farms. In each kind of farm laboratory examinations for detection of B. hyodysenteriae and L. intracellularis in 18 fecal samples from pigs with diarrhoea or, in absence of diarrhoea, from pigs with a weaker condition were taken. Every 3 fecal samples were put together in one collective sample. The fecal samples were analyzed by nested PCR (L. intracellularis) and PCR (B. hyodysenteriae). L. intracellularis was found in 133 of the 396 fecal samples, which gives a prevalence level of 33.58%. Of the 66 farms tested, 41 (62.12%) were positive for PE. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was detected in 54 (13.63%) of the 396 tested fecal samples. Of 66 investigated farms suspected of SD 21 (31.81%) were positive. Analyzing the infection level of B. hyodysenteriae with reference to farm size it was observed that 26.92% of medium scale farms and 35.0% of large scale farms were infected. The difference between medium and large farms was distinct concerning PE. From 26 M farms 12 (46.15%) and in case of farms L 72.5% were infected. Our findings show that the prevalence of L. intracellularis in infected farrow-to-finish medium and large scale farms was distinctly higher than the level of B. hyodysenteriae infection. Mixed infections with the mentioned bacteria are also common. Studies on the prevalence of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae infections showed that these pathogens are widely distributed in the swine population of Poland.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of Lawsonia intracellularis in a population of healthy pigs and to determine the section of ileum most frequently inhabited by the microorganism. The investigation covered a total number of 832 healthy finishing pigs of similar age. The body weight of individuals ranged from 90 to 120 kg. The animals did not show any symptoms of the disease and they were directed to slaughter. Samples of ileum, caecum and colon were subjected to nested PCR test for the presence of L. intracellularis. The results showed that the bacteria mainly inhabits the ileum (33.3%). The p78 genome fragment of L. intracellularis was sporadically detected in the large intestine: 8.2% in colon and 5.4% in caecum samples. This specific fragment was found in 43.1% of intestinal samples of healthy slaughter pigs from different regions of Poland. The percentage of the herds infected was established at 73.4%.
Proliferative enteropathy is an enteric disease that occurs in weaning and fattening pigs, constituting a serious problem in pig production worldwide. The aim of the study was to perform an epidemiological survey on different Polish pig farms in order to discover the prevalence of herds infected with PPE and to determine the influence of the infection on economic losses from ileitis. On the basis of a clinical interview, post mortem examinations and characteristic lesions of PPE, 37 farms were chosen for further laboratory examination. Fecal samples were collected from 5-10 fatteners (5-6 month) which were not treated with antibiotics at least one week before sample collection. The performed analysis showed that the PPE infection occurred on average in 10.8% of pigs in fattening units The lowest infection level was found in breeding farms - on average 6.5%. In farrow-to-finish farms 10.1% of pigs were infected with PPE. The percentage of pigs with clinical signs of PPE was different in tested farms. For breeding farms the mentioned parameter was on average 6.5%. In farrow-to-finish farms it was on average 10.1%, 16.7% at the maximum and 2.0% at the minimum, whereas in fattening units the respective values were 10.8%, 12.1% and 8.9%. Increased mortality in weaned piglets and fatteners was observed. On average, the mortality rate due to PPE was 1.0%, varying from 0.8% to 1.2%. The lowest mortality rate of 0.6% was recorded on breeding farms. The results of molecular examinations identifying 16S rRNA sequences of L. intracellularis in fecal samples demonstrated the presence of genetic material of the bacteria in 6 out of 37 investigated farms; in 3 fattening units (60.0%) and in 3 farrow-to-finish farms (12.5%). L. intracellularis was not found in breeding farms. Serological findings proved the presence of antibodies in all 37 farms (100.0%) tested. The results showed that PPE infections are widespread in medium and large-scale farms in Poland. The consequences of infection with L. intracellularis were the most evident in fattening units.
Lawsonia intracellularis, a Gram-negative, curved rod was identified as the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteritis (PPE) in the 1990's. The bacterium is an obligate intracellular parasite, and thus cannot be multiplied in-vitro on standard media. Nowadays, two types of the disease have been distinguished: acute and chronic. Pigs with PPE usually demonstrate clinical signs two weeks after a period of stress caused by transportation, heat, overcrowding or weaning piglets from sows. The infected animals suffer from diarrhea and indicate reduced growth rate and weight gain. In some cases the disease leads to death. PPE is difficult to diagnose as both its clinical signs and the pathological changes it causes are unspecific. The pathogen is identified in laboratory conditions by the use of PCR, and IFAT is applied to track specific antibodies. Tiamulin and tylozyne are the most popular drugs used to prevent PPE.
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