Dokonano oceny obecnej wiedzy dotyczącej roli krzemu w układzie gleba - roślina. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono wpływowi związków krzemu na detoksykację: glinu, manganu oraz metali ciężkich, jak również na jego funkcje fizjologiczne. Autorzy próbują również wyciągnąć wnioski dotyczące kierunków przyszłych prac nad biogeochemią krzemu.
This article reviews the literature concerning relation between of some stress factors and biosynthesis of jasmonates in plants. Rapid increase in endogenous levels of jasmonates, mainly jasmonic acid (JA), occurs after wounding of different plant organs, which may be caused by physical injury, pathogen infection, herbivore or insect attack, as well as under osmotic stress conditions and after addition of yeast cell wall elicitors to cell culture suspension. Wounding induces an expression of defense-related genes whose products are mostly involved in defense responses against pathogen and insect attack. Endogenous and exogenous jasmonates could act as signalling substances in the transduction chain between stress and molecular stress response, in most cases of the induction of gene expression and the accumulation of defense specific proteins and secondary metabolites. It was shown that the coronatine phytotoxin, isolated from the cultures of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atropurpurea, indicates similarities to jasmonates in different biological tests.
Flags and crests of many countries employ plants to symbolise the lofty ideals and values of their nations. Typically the plants are often endemic to the given country. For example: oak leaves are used as a majestic symbol of immortality, strength and endurance; olive branches, laurel leaves and palm leaves invoke peace, tranquility and equity. The article elaborates on the heraldry, flags and national emblems featuring plants.
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