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Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings grown for 12-17 months in pure culture after inoculation with S and P strains of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. were studied with the help of light and transmission electron microscopy. Standardized inoculation procedure and uniform in vitro conditions allowed evaluation of the host/pathogen interactions. Necrotic reaction of the bark cells associated with the accumulation of dark-stained material in vacuoles, and lignification of their walls in root regions in proximity to mycelium were the common host reaction. Hypertrophy of the bark cells in areas invaded by hyphae caused a tension that was responsible for strong deformation of the bark cells. Injury to the vascular cambium resulted in formation of barrier zone parenchyma and abnormal xylem elements. High amount of polyphenolic material accumulated in new formed parenchyma cells was an effective chemical “barrier” to the centripetal spread of hyphae. Resin-plugged tracheids and row parenchyma cells rich in polyphenolic material were common in wood areas colonized by the fungus.
The potential impact of Pseudomons aeruginosa strain IE-6 as abiological control agent against Meloidogyne javanica at four inoculum densities (0, 250, 500 and 1000 eggs/plant) and Rhizoctonia solani at three inoculum levels (0, 1 and 3 mi culture suspension/kg of soil) was examined on tomato in the greenhouse experiments. The biocontrol bacterium suppressed root infection caused by R. solani and M. javanica on tomato in both sterilized and non-sterilized soils. Root-rot infection increased with the increase in pathogen(s) concentration. P. aeruginosa showed better biocontrol effects at low population levels of M.javanica and R. solani than at higher population densities of the pathogen(s). Root-rot disease severity was more pronounced in sterilized soil compared to the non-sterilized one. Soil infested with high population densities of R. solani (3 mi /kg of soil) and M. javanica (2000 eggs/pot) resulted in complete mortality of tomato seedlings in sterilized soil, whereas some plants were found to survive in non-sterilized soil. There seems to be a correlation between population density of M. javanica and root colonization by R. solani. Root colonization by other three root-infecting fungi inc1uding Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani was also lower in the presence of P. aeruginosa in non-sterilized soil. P. aeruginosa enhanced plant growth in both types of soil.
The potential of 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains as biocontrol agents of rootinfecting fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Flusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica Was tested on chi!i and uridbean under greenhouse conditions. All the three strains significantly reduced nematode populations in soil, invasion, multiplication and gall formation due to M. javanica. Root infection by fungi was also effectively suppressed following P. aerllginosa application. Bacterial antagonists exhibited better biocontrol and growth promoting activity in 15-day-old plants than did those harvested at 30 or 45 days. Population of the bacterium in the rhizosphere declined rapidly after 15 days of nematode inoculation. Strain Pa-5 showed maximum nodulation in 15-day-old samplings while strain Pa-7 showed highest number of nodules in 30 and 45-day-old uridbean plants.
Leaves, stem and pneumatophore of Avicennia marina and leaves and stem of Rhizophora mucronata were used as the organic amendments at 0.1, 1 and 5% concentrations in the control of root rot fungi like (Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phasoelina) and root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on potato. In pot experiments, germination of seeds, shoot length, shoot weight, root length, root weight and number of knots were signifi cantly increased when plant parts like leaves, stem and pneumatophore of A. marina and R. mucronata were used at 1 and 5% concentrations. There was a complete suppression in infection of R. solani and M. phaseolina when A. marina and R. mucronata were used at 5% concentration on potato. Maximum inhibition of knots of M. javanica was observed when powder made from mangrove plant parts was used at 1 and 5% concentrations. Powder from all plant parts, like leaves, stem and pneumatophore, was effective in suppression of root infecting fungi and root knot nematode.
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