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Locating monasteries in river valleys with a considerable tributary system is regarded to be one of the rules for establishing Cistercian foundations: Bernardus valles, colles Benedictus amabat, Franciscus vicos, magnas Dominicus urbes. A river valley provided opportunity for spatial development and land cultivation on fertile ground, something that Cistercian monks specialized in. In their efforts to raise effectiveness of their production, they did not underestimate the importance of water, not only by developing their fishing ponds, but also making water the main driving force for water mills and fulling mills, thereby promoting modern rural ‘food’ industry such as distilleries, breweries and open-pan salt production. In today’s post-cistercian landscape, in spite of many centuries of economic landscape exploitation, we can still discover properly functioning natural systems and traces of comprehensively developed water systems. Using the solutions utilized in monasteries all around Europe, the Order managed to enrich and shape landscape in a very considerable and unique way, not only on economic and social, but ecological level, too.
This paper presents a hydromorphological and landscape assessment of the Białka river valley. The study follows the Landscape and Hydromorphological Assessment of River Valleys Method (LSHM Method), which is intended for assessing and identifying areas in river valleys and there to determine their development potential. The LSHM Method distinguishes three main groups of factors: hydromorphological (H), landscape (L), and integrated (I). All these factors are assessed using a 10-point scale. In past practice, hydromorphological and landscape elements have been assessed separately. Hydromorphological methods have focused solely on the channel; while landscape methods have only assessed the area up to the watercourse boundary. Application of the LSHM Method offers more “holistic”, integrated knowledge of the river valley showing what should be improved and where. The Białka river is a mountain river and, as an effect, changes in its whole valley occur very quickly. Based on the results of the present study, the Białka river valley is characterized by a landscape of regional importance, with a very high tourism potential. It is moreover a braided river, which should be protected.
Field research was conducted in the years 2015-2018 in the Kozinka River valley in Central Pomerania. The purpose of the work was to characterize the stand of Platanthera chlorantha, a species protected by law and listed among species endangered with extinction in Gdańsk Pomerania, Western Pomerania and Greater Poland. The edaphic and phytocoenotic conditions in which greater butterfly-orchid found were determined. There were 25 phytosociological relevés taken with P. chlorantha, 12 of which were listed in the phytosociological table. In addition, biometric analysis was performed for selected morphological features of greater butterfly-orchid.
In contrast to other natural objects situated within boundaries of the city of Poznań, the former ecological site "Bogdanka" distinguishes itself by its exceptional floristic values. The flora of this object comprises 527 taxons of vascular plants derived from 91 families and 295 genera, of which 180 can be found on rare and threatened species lists. In addition, 15 species under legal protection as well as 34 species from all country and regional lists of rare and endangered species occur here. The most valuable floristic elements include: Iris sibirica, Galium odoratum, Hierohloë odorata, Trollius europaeus or Dianthus superbus. Several trees with monumental or close to monumental circumferences as well as splendid trees can also be found in this site. The area should regain its protected status as soon as possible.
River valleys are areas of transition between aquatic and terrestrial communities, with complex biological structure. As ecotones they have high biodiversity as a result of the occurrence of species with different requirements according to soil moisture. They create ecological corridors, allowing migration of the organisms in human disturbed landscape. With these migration routes, species of foreign origin which spread to a new area also benefit. Numerous alien species are considered as invasive, and described as a threat to biodiversity due to strong competitive abilities. To describe the relationships between a number of invasive species, biodiversity and size of a river, the vegetation of 750 m fragments of the Odra and Dobra river valleys on the area of the Wrocław city were analysed. The comparison of plant communities in the valley of a large, managed river (Odra) and its small tributary (Dobra) was carried out. The plant assemblages, occurring in study areas, determined the habitat conditions on the basis of Ellenberg’s indicator values (EIV’s), as well as Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index was defined. The designed sites differed according to Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index, as well as soil properties: moisture, reaction, and fertility. In the study side of the Odra river ruderal and scrub species were dominated, whereas in case of study site of the Dobra river – meadows and ruderal species. The invasive plant species occurring in the Odra valley are: Symphoricarpos albus, Solidago gigantea, S. canadensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Clematis vitalba, Quercus rubra, Reynoutria japonica, Parthenocissus inserta and Echinocystis lobata, and in the Dobra valley: Solidago gigantea, S. canadensis. The analysis of correlation between Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index and share of invasive species revealed statistically significant influence of occurrence of invasive species on biodiversity of plant communities in case of the Odra river.
River valleys, apart from their natural values, have unique visual features. The perception of landscape is mainly determined by its spatial structure. Contemporary scientific research confirms significant compliance in the terms of ecological and aesthetic evaluations. The paper presents the results of the research carried out by the authors in the Valley of Samica Kierska River in Wielkopolska which is an area protected as a part of Natura 2000 network. There were three main objectives of the research: 1) an analysis of the relations between spatial structure and visual perception of landscape in the Valley of Samica Kierska River, 2) a comparison of the expert evaluation of the visual values with public aesthetic preferences towards landscape, 3) an assessment of the potential effectiveness of the existing conservation methods in Natura 2000 network for the preservation of landscape visual features.
This paper concerns the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) methods and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis to determine microtopography of a natural river valley, case study of the upper Biebrza valley. The scientific problem analyzed in this paper is a morphology of the selected segments of the valley covered by sedge ecosystems which in natural stage form a characteristic tussocks from their root systems. In order to capture the microtopography it was necessary to remove vegetation from the selected areas, and then, for a five typical location, registration of its structure using the laser scanner. As a result the point cloud was generated for each of the selected area and after GIS analysis the microtopography was obtained in form of digital terrain model (DTM). The DTM of each area represents valleys microstructure possible to obtain by use of TLS (TLS DTM), is usually not registered by the Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), and is the main reason of inaccuracy of the DTM obtained based on ALS. The resulting TLS DTM has been processed by various filtering methods to lower the noise and fi ll the voids from blocking the laser beam by a tussocks. Finally, this allowed to determine the spatial structure of each measurement field.
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