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Subject and purpose of work: The article deals with the issue of risk mainly in banking activity. Different definitions of risk were reviewed as tools for risk management in banks and for regulatory activities by institutions. Materials and methods: The research material was taken from the subject literature and official documents of financial market institutions - international organizations, as well as foreign and domestic financial institutions. They were mainly legal acts, standards and guidelines/recommendations. Particular attention was paid to documents published by banking supervision authorities. Results: As a result of the study, the multiplicity of concepts and approaches were found to define and identify banking risks as the categorizations presented by regulators seemed to be a standard to apply in risk management practices. Conclusions: Among the risk categorization used by banks, the leading ones have been presented by supervisory authorities. Defining the types of risk in operations should be the first stage of the internal risk management process which is necessary for banks’ survival. Ensuring high quality of the implementation of the first stage determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the entire process. The decisive requirements set by European and national regulators with regard to banks’ application of risk categorization as part of the risk management system contributed to mitigating the phenomena related to the global financial crisis among banks in Europe.
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Flood risk and vulnerability in the changing climate

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Floods are a natural phenomenon, striking the humankind since the dawn of history. Yet, recent fl ood damages are dramatically higher than before, so that it is necessary to seek interpretation of this fact. River fl ooding is a complex phenomenon which can be affected by changes coupled to physical, terrestrial, climate and socio-economic systems. The climate track in the observed changes is likely, even if human encroaching into the harm’s way and increase in the damage potential in fl oodplains can be the dominating factors in many river basins. Increase in heavy precipitation has been observed, with consequences to increasing risk of rain-induced fl ooding. Projections for the future, based on regional climate models, indicate increase of fl ood risk and vulnerability in many areas. Impacts on urban fl ooding, in a multi-factor context are examined. The present contribution is following the global IPCC perspective, in the context of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and the IPCC Technical Paper on Water, where ZWK was a Coordinating Lead Author.
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Imitation vs. innovation in the SME sector

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It is frequently mentioned that during economic crisis one of the key elements of strengthening SMEs is permanent renewal and capability of innovation. However, only some businesses are able to carry out classical product/service innovation (Schumpeter). We are of the opinion that observing the best practice, adoption and/or adaption – the imitation – should be given a higher function in everyday business life. From the point of view of business development, imitation can be more important than innovation. To find ideas worth imitating it is necessary to react and start to produce rapidly, at the right time and bring to the market the essentials of imitation. The aim of the paper is to give a theoretical overview of the interpretations of innovation and imitation. Sectoral features and regional differences determine the scope of development and renewal for existing enterprises. At the same time the knowledge of entrepreneurs regarding innovation is insufficient, thus a new paradigm is needed.
Great strides have been made in the last decade regarding the importance of both genetic and environmental contributors to the risk for heavy drinking, alcohol problems, and alcohol use disorders. This lecture reviews recent research fi ndings regarding important endophenotypes contributing to these risks, (e.g. low response to alcohol, personality traits, sweet liking). Genetic fi ndings will highlight several genes that appear to contribute to the level of response to alcohol, sweet liking and some personality traits predisposing to alcohol seeking behavior. This presentation will review ongoing steps to identify additional genes in several large population studies. The lecture will also briefl y describe neurobiological background of drugs: (1) registered for alcohol treatment – disulfi ram, naltrexon, acamprosate, (2) off label drugs used in alcohol dependence: topiramat and ondasetron and (3) new medication: nelmelfene. Also, the approach of using the existing alcohol typologies (proposed by Cloninger and Lesch) in treatment proposal will be presented using our own data. Supported by MNiSW grant nr N N402 189335
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (Lesniowski-Crohn’s, ChL-C, CD), is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with multifactorial causes. Both types of IBD are characterized by chronic inflammation with periods of remission and exacerbation. An increasing number of studies have recently shown that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), generating suitable microenvironments for the formation and progression of the disease. The main factors are chronic inflammation as well as the scope and duration of the disease. The pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-13, IL-8 and TNF-α play an important role in tumorigenesis. It is further emphasized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species produced by inflammatory cells may interact with key genes involved in carcinogenic pathways, such as TP53. Carcinogenesis in IBD involves proteins determined by the genes DLG5, OCTN and NOD2. Immunosuppressive drugs, such as thiopurines and methotrexate, may play a role in extra-intestinal tumour development by impairing the immune system and surveillance of tumour cells or by inducing DNA damage. Recognition of neoplastic changes associated with IBD is difficult due to the heterogeneity of the endoscopic image and variation in the diagnosis depending on the observer. Therefore surveillance of IBD patients by a multidisciplinary team is essential for early detection of the neoplastic process.
There is a high and growing risk in agriculture, which makes choosing the right tool to support risk management in agriculture more urgent. Traditional agricultural production insurance is very expensive and often – as is the case in Poland – does not provide adequate coverage. Income insurance, which ensures more complex coverage, may be an alternative to it and, as there is no perfect correlation between the value of individual production types, may be off ered at a comparatively lower price. Based on 2004–2013 data from 4,590 Community Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farms, it was proved that aggregate production insurance allows for a much lower insurance premium rate in relation to insurance of specific production types.
The goal of a research was to determine the efficiency of foreign direct investments (FDI) in Poland comparing to alternative forms of capital allocation. The analysis of Polish FDI according to economic activity and geographical zone was conducted. In 2000-2012 the inward position of FDI rose significantly due to a surge in equity capital and reinvested earnings as well as in other capital in form of various debt instruments. Generally the rate of return on FDI in Poland was higher than the Polish and US government bond yields that gave an evidence of a higher efficiency of FDI comparing to a low risk financial instruments.
Genetically modified (GM) sugar beets offer several advantages for growers, food industry, consumers and for the agricultural environment. Transgenic beets tolerant to total herbicides (tHT) are discussed and their advantages, based on field experiments, are presented along with prospects, limits and putative risks.
Od roku 1999 je v Armádě České republiky (AČR) realizován program rozšířené preventivní péče - každoroční prohlídky vojáků z povolání (VZP) nejrůznějších vojenských profesí, funkcí a vzdělání ve věkových kategoriích 25, 30, 33, 36, 39, 40-55 let. Počet vyšetřovaných v jednotlivých letech je kolem 6000. Získaná antropometrická, laboratorní a klinická data poskytují dostatek informací o každém jedinci do té míry, že je reálné na jejich základě stanovit individuální léčebně-preventivní návrhy a doporučení pro každého jednotlivce. Smyslem je pak, na základě jejich akceptování a dlouhodobého dodržování, oddálit manifestaci především tzv.civilizačních chorob. Jedná se především o metabolické poruchy jako je diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinémie, hypertensi, aterosklerózu a její komplikace a samozřejmě o kteroukoliv formu ICHS. Tato onemocnění také patří k nejčastějším příčinám dočasné nebo trvalé neschopnosti v službě v posledních letech u příslušníků AČR. Nelze na tomto místě také nezmínit negativní vliv dalších tzv. rizikových faktorů jako je stres, kouření, nadváha, nesprávné stravovací návyky a stárnutí.
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