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A contig of clones from BAC rice genomic library encompassing blast resistance gene Pi-b was constructed. On an average eight clones (8 ± 2.6) were picked up by each marker, which was expected basing on the BAC library size (Nakamura et al. 1997). The 2.4 cM distance between flanking RFLP markers G 1234 and RZ 213 (Miyamoto et al. 1996) was spanned with 4 steps of contig including 25 clones. The physical distance of 370 kb between flanking markers corresponds to a small ratio of physical and genetical distances (155 kb/cM) due to a probable structure of the gene locus near the telomeric end of the chromosome. Markers cosegregating with blast resistance against Magnoporthe grisea were localized in a 2 kb restriction fragment. A new border marker was found on the telomeric side of the Pi-b gene, less than 10 kb from cosegregating markers. No clear marker for the centromeric side of the gene was found but the position of Pi-b rice blast resistant gene was narrowed to within at least 50 kb, which is to our knowledge the most precised estimation of the position of this gene.
Relative to the established and well known rice diseases, sheath brown rot caused by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae can be considered new but getting widespread and serious all over the world. Our research was aimed to monitor and quantify the incidence and importance of the disease in Malaysia. A series of field monitoring and sampling were conducted to quantify the incidence and severity of the disease. Laboratory analysis of the collected diseased plant was done to identify the causal organism. Disease resistance screening of selected rice cultivars were also conducted to overcome the problem. The disease was found to become more important, prevalent and widely spread throughout rice growing areas in Peninsular Malaysia. Infected plants in the field became yellowish, lower leaf sheaths turned light or dark brown, while grains produced by an infected plant were discoloured, malformed and empty. The highest disease incidence was recorded in the state of Pahang (62%) and Selangor (62%), while the most severe infection was recorded in Pahang (55%) and Terengganu (61%). The evaluations of varietal resistance evaluation showed that the pathogen naturally infected all tested rice varieties at different levels of infection. Several rice varieties i.e. MR240, MR243, MR244, MR245, MR246, MR248 and MR249, classified as moderately resistant to the disease, could be recommended for planting in the next planting season.
Rice seeds collected from Sarocladium oryzae inoculated plants produced more discoloured grain, chaffiness and recorded much lower seed germination than seeds collected from healthy plants in all the three cultivars tested. The germination, chaffiness and discolouration in healthy plants were found to be in the range of 70.50 to 93.50 per cent, 5.5 to 17.75 per cent and 4 to 18 per cent respectively. There was a progressive and significant reduction in total sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar content of rice seeds with varying degree of seed infection caused by S. oryzae The increase in phenol content due to S. oryzae infection ranged from 15.74 to 70.78 per cent and increase being proportional to the per cent S. oryzae seed infection.
Nigeria, like most African countries, has engaged in agricultural liberalization since 1986 in the hope that reforms emphasizing price incentives will encourage producers to respond. Thus far, the reforms seem to have introduced greater uncertainty into the market given increasing rates of price volatility. This study amongst other things therefore seeks to determine and model the responsiveness of rice supply to price risk in Nigeria. Statistical information on domestic and imported quantities of rice was obtained for 41 years (1970 to 2011) from various sources, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, Federal Ministry of Agriculture statistical bulletins, Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletins and National Bureau of Statistic (NBS). Data were analyzed using equilibrium output supply function, co-integration models, and vector autoregressive distributed lag model. Rice importation was statistically significant and changes in output were also responsive to changes in price. The results indicate that producers are more responsive not only to price and non-price factor but also to price risk and exchange rate. It is therefore imperative to reduce the effects of price risk as to increase the response of producer to supply by bridging the gap in production.
The study aims to elucidate the impact of organic inputs on strength and structural stability of aggregates in a sandy loam soil. Tensile strength, friability and water stability of aggregates, and the carbon contents in bulk soil and in large macro (>2 mm), small macro (0.25-2 mm), micro (0.053-0.25 mm) and silt+clay size (<0.053) aggregates were evaluated in soils from a long-term experiment with rice-wheat rotation at Modipuram, India, with different sources and amounts of organic C inputs as partial substitution of N fertilizer. Addition of organic substrates significantly improved soil organic C contents, but the type and source of inputs had different impacts. Tensile strength of aggregates decreased and friability increased through organic inputs, with a maximum effect under green gram residue (rice)-farmyard manure (wheat) substitution. Higher macroaggregates in the crop residue- and farmyard manure-treated soils resulted in a higher aggregate mean weight diameter, which also had higher soil organic C contents. The bulk soil organic C had a strong relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates, but the soil organic C content in all aggregate fractions was not necessarily effective for aggregate stability. The soil organic C content in large macroaggregates (2-8 mm) had a significant positive effect on aggregate stability, although a reverse effect was observed for aggregates <0.25 mm. Partial substitution of nitrogen by organic substrates improved aggregate properties and the soil organic C content in bulk soil and aggregate fractions, although the relative effect varied with the source and amount of the organic inputs.
Structures and properties of starches isolated from Japanese rice and different botanical sources were investigated. Amylopectin unit chain-length distributions were analyzed using HPLC and HPAEC-PAD for comparing the distributions of unit chains of isoamylase-debranched amylopectins. Thermal properties were measured by DSC. It was found that there were at least five groups of Japanese rice amylopectins having different unit-chain distributions. The four kinds of starches (Akenohoshi, Haiminori, Tashukei 431, and Kenkei 2064) had the amylopectins of long chain-length compared with the other rice starches. It was observed that the gelatinization temperature of their four native starches were higher and the enthalpy change (•H) of gelatinization of their four retrograded starches showed larger than the other rice starches. In the starches of different botanical sources, the ratios of unit chains of DP6-12 (Fr.A) of amylopectins of quinoa, barley, buckwheat, Japanese radish, and tulip were higher, and the gelatinization temperatures were lower than the values of other starches. The ratios of Fr.A of amylomaize V and VII were lower, and the gelatinization temperatures were higher than the respective values of other starches. There were highly negative relationships between the ratio of short unit chain-length in amylopectin and gelatinization temperature.
Completion of rice genome sequencing has necessitated identification of transcripts encoded by the genome and their corresponding functions. In the present study we have catalogued cytoplasmic ribosomal protein complement of rice genome corresponding to 68 families. Mining TIGR (The Institute for Genomic Research) rice database and unigene sequences available from National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) produced a non-redundant set of these sequences. This resulted in identification of 209 candidate r-proteins of which 22 have not been reported previously. The number of genes per family ranges from 1 to 8 distributed throughout the genome with maximum occurrence at chromosome 7. Mapping of r-proteins on BAC clones revealed several small clusters of genes. Unigene sequences correspondtng to most of the reported r-proteins were identified indicating these genes are being expressed.
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