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Recently lack of sustainable management for the reservoir watershed becomes a predicament for the water issues in Taiwan. The study tried to recognize the framework of the sustainable management of the Taiwan reservoir watershed and its key factors by using the analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi method. Through the identification questionnaires and the CVM (contingent valuation method), it also discussed the gap of expert and public for the identification of satisfaction, environmental protection and the potential value for the recent reservoir watershed. However, the results showed that the “natural stability” is the significant factor in the first level and the “Nature resources conservation” and “Water storage amount” are the most important factors for the detailed level. In addition, the expert opinions were not proved by public identification, and the present governance budgets are too low to respond to the potential values of public expectancy.
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Flood management in Azerbaijan

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This report examines the issues of hydrological basis and methods of flood management in the rivers of Azerbaijan and presents a review of methods of flood management applied in Azerbaijan.
A study on the characteristic of sediment quality of Asejire Reservoir was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal content of the reservoir. Twenty stations were selected, samples and analyzed using standard methods. The result showed that the sediment was slightly acidic across the study stations, with low conductivity and organic matter content. The heavy metals order of dominance was: Fe>Pb>Cu>Zn>Mn>Al>Ba>Ni>Cr. The mean concentration levels of all the heavy metals were lower than mean background value except Fe, Cu and Pb. However, calculated Enrichment Factor (EF) values for all the heavy metals investigated showed that they were less than 1.5 (<1.5), suggesting that the heavy metals were all derived mainly from natural sources such as bedrock materials and weathering processes.
Phytophthora citricola constituted about 70% of all Phytophthora isolates recovered from rhododendron leaves used as baits for detection of that group of organisms in water. The species was found in 4 rivers, 2 hardy nursery water reservoirs and nursery drainage canal from May to October, 2006. Analysis of spots'number on rhododendron leaf baits as a measure of P. citricola density showed that place of holding baits had a significant influence on the species occurrence. Significantly more spots, especially in July survey, were observed on baits held in Skierniewka and Zwierzynka rivers swimming through agricultural and forest area than in Ner, the river of horticultural area. Significantly more spots/rhododendron leaves were observed when they were held in rivers downstream of nursery and in the middle of hardy nursery borders. In nursery water containers and drainage canal higher Phytophthora density was recorded in August than in other periods of surveying. Using water from reservoir for sprinkling of Picea omorika nursery trees caused the development of tip blight and from diseased twigs P. citricola was isolated.
The amount of copper in the surface (0-5 cm) and deeper layer (5-10 cm) of the bottom sediment in the Goczałkowice Reservoir was similar and ranged from 5.0 to 33.3 µg g-1. Its amount in the hypolimnetic water varied from 1 to 110 µg L-1. The copper content in the interstitial water ranged from 2 to 464 µg L-1 and was higher than that in the hypolimnetic water in all cases. It was found that the hypolimnetic and interstitial water may be enriched with copper present in the bottom sediment.
The content of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn and Fe in bottom sediments of water reservoirs in Cracow has been investigated. Concentrations of heavy metals appeared to be more related to reservoir type and age than location. The most polluted sediments occur in river meanders cut in present time as well as in reservoirs affected by waste disposal. Reservoirs located in open pits are not polluted. However, reservoirs without inflow and outflow are the most sensitive to the accumulation of toxic metals. These reservoirs seem to be the most suitable for recreation.
The dam construction has substantial impacts on the downstream environment even from the beginning of construction stages. The stage of impounding water is supposed to have the largest effects on the downstream environment. Monthly observation was carried out during the trial impoundment of a large concrete dam, including water temperature, organic matter fluxes, epilithic chlorophyll a, and macroinvertebrate communities both at the upstream and the downstream water of the impoundment. Both before and after the impoundment, the epilithic chlorophyll a contents and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) fluxes variations were insignificant. As the impoundment volume increased the downstream water temperature substantially increased in comparison to upstream water temperature. Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) fluxes (gDW/10min) in the downstream became lower than that of the upstream even with one day of retention period. Chironomidae, Stenopsychidae, Simuliidae, Tipulidae and Hydropsychidae substantially enhanced immediately after the impoundment started, whereas, Taeniopterygidae and Chloroperlidae were declined. It was evident that the trial impoundment has a substantial effect on the downstream biota even from the low volume of water.
The application of ecohydrology principles as part of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has the potential to enhance the resilience of a catchment to anthropogenic impacts. Linking this approach with an understanding of water users and social and economic conditions in a given region, provides a foundation for the development of system solutions. Improving the quality of the environment, and the ecosystem services provided, can be a driver of new employment opportunities that contribute to both the overall economy of a region and sustainability. With these goals in mind, the paper presents a four-step approach for implementation of ecohydrology principles in IWRM, including a) monitoring of threats, b) analysis of the cause-effect relationships, c) development of methods, and d) system solutions. This approach was formulated and tested within a UNESCO-IHP and UNEP-IETC Demonstration Project on the Pilica River in Poland. This project aims to support fulfilment of Poland's obligations Resulting form the EU Water Framework Directive and other European directives, and constitutional obligations for sustainable development. Attempts to transfer lessons learned to other catchments and socio-ecological systems (such as urban catchments) are highlighted.
The dam construction and water impoundment have extensively altered flow regime and riparian ecosystems. However, the effect of long-term winter flooding of reservoir on plants of drawdown area is poorly known. The Three Gorges Dam in China, the largest dam in the world, created a drawdown area of 348.93 km2 between 145 m and 175 m above sea level around its reservoir. The drawdown area was submerged for more than half year in winter and exposed in summer. In the summer of 2009, the vegetation of fourteen sites in the drawdown area was investigated to determine the impact of winter flooding on vascular flora and to explore flood-tolerant species for vegetation reconstruction. One hundred and seventy five species of 58 families were recorded in present work,which indicated that 55% of vascular flora species disappear or became rare. The number of perennial species decreased to 50%. Therophytes, with 87 taxa, were the dominant life form. Strictly aquatic species were rather scarce for summer drought. Mean vegetation cover in the drawdown area was more than 70%. Species richness and vegetation cover along the elevation gradient exhibited a negative pattern correlated with flooding duration. The remarkable reduction of plant richness, variation of life form composition and alternation of dominant species indicated the strong influence of long-term winter flooding on vascular flora. Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus was highly resistant to long-term winter flooding and summer drought. Eight hardwoods (Vitex negundo, Morus alba, Sapium sebiferum, Glochidion puberum, Rhus chinensis, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera and Trema levigata) exhibited high tolerance to winter flooding and may be potential candidates for vegetation restoration.
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