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Customer is now key point in strategic orientation of all companies. It is necessary to identify, influence and meet requierements of all customers. Then we can have a lot of satisfied customers, who will repeat their purchases in shops. Customer compares his expectations with services of companies. Then he chooses which firm can be preferred. Expectations are deter­mined by personal needs, experiences from past and mutual communication between custo­mers. Satisfied customers bring improvement into company because they repeat purchasing which is leads to bigger profits and lower costs and they make also a firm image advertising.
The paper presents the process of cross-compliance implementation in Poland. The definition of the process as well as its components are discussed with the use of an example of the cross-compliance mechanism. This mechanism is shown at the macroeconomic level (country level) and the microeconomic level (on a farm), as well as the role of FAS bodies in the process of farm adaptation. Empirical studies were conducted in 2010-2012 and included three Polish provinces: Malopolskie, Opolskie and Lodzkie. On the basis of the analysis it must be concluded that this process consists of several stages, interlinked and dependent upon themselves. At the farm level it can have a repetitive nature. Farmers can take advantage of advisory services in this regard. The results of the survey indicate that farmers mostly use public agricultural advisory services and best assess the quality of services provided by advisory centres.
The aim of the study was to determine the level of commercial quality on the do­mestic fruit market in the context of minimum quality requirements which are essen­tial for allowing fruit to be traded. The source of data were surveys conducted among 470 fruit producers, 10 wholesalers and 165 retailers in the Lublin province in 2003­2006. The research showed that the awareness of the existence and the binding nature of quality standards among participants in the fruit distribution chain was unsatisfac­tory. The knowledge of relevant quality standards was also very limited. In their as­sessment of fruit quality none of the distributors took into account all the features included in the minimum requirements of the existing quality standards. Therefore, the results of the analyses did not testify to the high commercial quality of fruit on the domestic market. Preparation of fruit for sale did not meet in many cases even the minimum requirements of commercial quality standards. The widespread conviction as to the importance of quality standards in improving fruit quality was therefore not reflected on the market of the Lublin province despite the binding nature of such standards.
Respecting EU cross-compliance requirements as an indicator of animal welfare on dairy farms in Poland.The aim of the study was to determine the level of animal welfare on dairy farms in Poland and to compare the measured parameters with the cross-compliance requirements. The study was conducted on 46 farms in the winter season. The microclimate measurements such as air moisture content, concentrations ofselected air pollutantsand the brightness of the room has been taken. A comparison of cattle housing systems on bedding and on the slatted floor has been examined.The barns were divided into four groups, depending on the size of the herd: 10-20 cows (12 barns), 21-40 cows (22 barns), 41-60 cows (7 barns), and 100-180 cows (5 barns), respectively. The largest group consisted of haerds housing 21-40 cows, which represented 48% of all herds involved in the study. Of all the barns that used slatted floors or bedding, we selected three largest herds each in order to compare hygienic parameters between both types of housing. The main findings were as follows: (1)The concentration of selected air pollutantsin most of the barns did not deviate from the recommendations of the (Polish)National Research Institute of Animal Production.(2) The concentration of selected air pollutantswas lower in barns where the cattle was kept on slatted floors. (3)The cattle housed on slatted floors also had better lighting conditions. (4.) Smaller herds of dairy cows were found to have relative air humidity conditions. (5) In 81% of farms, air humidity in the premises remained within the animal welfare standards.
Авторы проанализировали зависимость между уровнем урожая основных культурных растений в сортовых опытах, проводимых в 1951-80 гг. (90 станций) и величиной и распределением декадных осадков в вегетационный период в те же годы (160 осадковых станций). На этой основе были определены для 7 выделенных физиографическ- климатических районов и 2 категорий плотности почв, средние для многолетий, сезонные и декадные осадки, позволяющие получить по крайней мере следующие урожаи: кормовой свёклы 75, сахарной свёклы 45, позднего картофеля 35, раннего картофеля 25, клевера и люцерны 50, гороха и бобов 2,5 и хлеба 4 т/га. Недостаток или избыток декадных осадков для отдельных растений, почв и станций был числен как разность между величиной районных осадковых нужд и действительными осадками в среднем для многолетий и в засушливые годы. Величины нужд орошения были определены с учётом районов, почв и числом засушливых лет. Авторы прилагают примеры карт для выбранных пропашных, кормовых и хлебных культур, на которых сравнивают величины и пространственные пределы недостатка осадков на лёгких и средних почвах.
In the years 2000-2010, observations were made of shrubs of the varieties derived from the Pimpinellifolia (R. pimpinellifolia L.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Culti- vars of PAS Botanical Garden in Powsin, Poland. The nine observed varieties were 'Aïcha', 'Elegans', 'Frühlingsduft', 'Frühlingsgold', 'Frühlingsmorgen', 'Harison's Yel­low', 'Maigold', 'Poppius', and 'Stanwell Perpetual'. Every year, the following were recorded: frost damage; the date of bud breaking and the date when leaves developed in springtime; the date of the initial, complete and final flowering; the presence of symptoms of damage from disease and pests; the ability to create decorative fruit, and remarks concerning the necessity to perform spring cutting and cutting after flower­ing. The winter seasons of 2002/2003, 2005/2006 and 2009/2010 were unfavourable for the roses. The cultivars varied greatly according to the examined features. The advantages of many of the varieties include high frost resistance, early flowering, low requirements in terms of cutting, good condition; and the fact that some varieties create suckers ('Elegans', 'Harison's Yellow', 'Poppius', 'Stanwell Perpetual'). The varieties 'Aïcha', 'Elegans', 'Frühlingsduft', 'Frühlingsgold', 'Poppius', 'Stanwell Perpetual' are the most frost resistant. The least frost-resistant variety is 'Maigold'. The first to flower are 'Harison's Yellow', 'Frühlingsmorgen' and 'Poppius'. Varie­ties derived from Rosa pimpinellifolia can be widely used as park roses, as ground covers, and as soil protective roses ('Elegans', 'Harison's Yellow', 'Poppius', 'Stan­well Perpetual').
Celem badań było sprawdzenie czy nowe, polskie intensywne odmiany pszenicy ozimej różnią się istotnie potrzebami pokarmowymi w stosunku do miedzi. Pszenica ozima uważana jest za jeden z najbardziej wrażliwych gatunków na niedobory Cu. Nawożenie jej miedzią wydaje się być koniecznością ze względu na zaobserwowane w ostatnich latach w Polsce niedobory tego pierwiastka. W ramach badań w latach 2003, 2004 i 2006 przeprowadzono 3 ścisłe doświadczenia polowe w Jelczu-Laskowicach k. Wrocławia. Badano w nich reakcję 10 odmian pszenicy na nawożenie miedzią stosowaną w formie dolistnego oprysku. Wykazano, że pięć z dziesięciu badanych odmian reagowało istotnie na nawożenie Cu. Wyodrębniono 3 grupy odmian ze względu na ich reakcję na aplikację Cu: I grupa - istotna zwyżka (Kobra, Mewa, Sakwa, Pegassos, Zyta), II - brak reakcji (Korweta, Jawa, Soraja), III - istotna obniżka plonów (Symfonia i Kris). Zwraca uwagę fakt, że najwyższy wzrost plonów (22,8%) wykazała Kobra najniżej plonująca na obiekcie bez miedzi, a istotne obniżki wykazały Symfonia i Kris najwyżej plonujące bez Cu. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że odmiany pszenicy ozimej różnią się istotnie potrzebami pokarmowymi w stosunku do Cu. Decyzję o nawożeniu pszenicy ozimej miedzią należy więc podejmować nie tylko w zależności od zasobności gleby w ten pierwiastek, ale również od wrażliwości uprawianej odmiany na niedobory Cu.
Background. Mrigal, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795) (junior synonym C. mrigala ), is one of the most widely cultured Indian major carps.The main aim of this study was to quantify the dietary isoleucine, leucine, and valine requirements of mrigal juveniles. Materials and Methods. Growth studies were conducted with juvenile mrigal to determine the minimal requirements for the branched-chain amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, and valine.The experimental diets were formulated from purified ingredients to contain 40% crude protein. Casein and gelatin served as protein sources and were supplemented with crystalline L -amino acids to provide an amino acid pattern found in mrigal muscle protein. The amino acids for which the requirements were being determined was were supplemented at varying levels. Dietary inclusion levels for isoleucine ranged from 0.88 to 1.45%, for leucine from 1.36 to 2.05%, and for valine from 1.23 to 1.75%. Results. The optimum dietary requirements for isoleucine, leucine, and valine for mrigal, estimated using break point analysis were 1.25%, 1.73%, and 1.55% of dry diet, respectively. These values correspond to 3.12% isoleucine, 4.33% leucine, and 3.87% valine when expressed as a percentage of dietary protein. Food conversion rate, specific growth rate, and survival were better in treatments with diets containing 1.25%for isoleucine, 1.73%for leucine, and 1.55%for valine. Conclusion. Results of this study clearly demonstrated that Cirrhinus cirrhosus could utilize free amino acids for growth. Further, the findings would be useful in formulating isoleucine, leucine, and valine balanced diets in controlled production of mrigal.
В период 1956-1975 г. по отдельным месяцам периода вегетации на территории бывших 17 воеводств были проанализированы данные за 20 лет относительно частоты выступания засухи. Анализ показал, что чаще всего засуха выступает в центральной и северо-западной части Польши, ограниченных с юга Южно-Велькопольской низменностью, с востока - долиной Вислы и западной частью Мазовецкой низменности. Для яровых хлебных культур, наиболее подвергнутых опасности недостатка осадков, частота выступания засухи на протяжении мая и июня на вышеназванной территории составляет 40%, при средней частоте для всей Польши - 27%.
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