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Anthocyanins are a group of water-soluble flavonoids known for their protective role against photoinhibitory and photooxidative damage to leaf cells under environmental stress. The effects of variation in light quantity on rates of anthocyanin production in foliage of Iris pumila were evaluated spectrophotometrically in a field experimental setting accomplished by shielding one half of each examined plant with a 65% neutral-density shade, whereas the other half experienced full sunlight. In unshaded leaves, the average anthocyanin level increased by 55.3% compared to their shaded counterparts. Because there was no a significant difference in the average level of pheophytin (a breakdown product of chlorophyll) between unshaded and shaded leaves, the results suggested that the elevated anthocyanin concentrations in sun-exposed foliage of I. pumila could act as a light attenuator, protecting its chloroplasts from excess high-energy quanta that would otherwise be intercepted by the chlorophylls.
The aim of the study was to establish the effect of the ovarian steroids: 17β-oestradiol (E2) and testosterone (T4) on OT-stimulated PGF2α and PGE2 secretion by bovine endometrial cells. The epithelial endometrial cells from days 14-18 of the oestrous cycle (10⁵/ml) were incubated in DMEM/Ham's F12 with 10% FCS (38°C, atmosphere of air and 5% CO₂) for 72-96 h and the last 24 h in DMEM/Ham's F12 with 0.1% BSA. In Exp.l, the doses of steroids used to study their effect on the secretion of PGF2α and PGE2 from endometrial cells stimulated by OT were determined. In Exp.2, the cells were pre-incubated for 30 min with selected doses of steroids: P4 (10⁻⁵ M), T4 (10⁻⁵ M), and E2 (10⁻⁸ M) and next for 4 d with: arachidonic acid (AA; 10⁻⁵ M), OT (10⁻⁷ M) and OT with each of these steroids. The concentration of PGE2 and PGFM -metabolite of PGF2α was determined by EIA. P4, T4, and E2 did not affect (P>0.05) the basal secretion of PGF2α and PGE2, but all the steroids inhibited (P<0.01) OT- stimulated PGF2α secretion. The stimulating effect of OT on PGE2 secretion was not affected by P4 and T4 (P>0.05). This data suggests that different cellular mechanisms exist for steroids affecting the secretion of both prostaglandins from endometrial cells. Moreover, we suggest that non-genomic effect of P4 on bovine endometrial cells is non-specific since the other steroids can impair the effect of OT on these cells. This effect of the steroids can directly modulate function of endometrial cells.
We examined the reproductive activity and sexual behaviour of a herd of Przewalski mares Equus ferus przewalskii Poljakov, 1881 that were born in zoos and lived in a semireserve since 1992 during five periods in 1995-1997 of 4-6 weeks each Ovarian activity was detected by the analysis of faecal progestagens. In addition, behavioural detection of oestrus and continuous recording of the daily activity with a storage telemetry system were carried out and compared with the analytical data. Faecal 20a-hydroxypregnane analysis revealed ovarian activity to be 100% (April/May 1995), 25% (May/June 1996), 88% (October/November 1996), 63% (January/February 1997) and 100% (April/May 1997) of the mares sampled. Behavioural observations showed a seasonal pattern with maximal sexual interactions in April/May 1995/1997 and only few interactions in winter. Detailed activity records in individual animals revealed an oestrus related increase from 14 h/d to 15.6 h/d. Our results show a tendency of seasonality which support the view that Przewalski mares are seasonal breeders with sexual activity in spring and early summer. In May/June 1996 a dysregulation of reproductive activity associated with a persistent increase in locomotor activity occurred. We hypothesise external disturbances from a shooting yard close to the semireserve. Compared to behavioural observations, faecal progestagen analysis seem to be the most convenient method to investigate reproductive activity in free ranging Przewalski mares.
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