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Urinary creatinine to serum creatinine (UCr/SCr) ratio and renal failure index (RFI) are useful indices of renal damage. Both UCr/SCr ratio and RFI are used in differentiation between prerenal azotaemia and acute tubular necrosis. In this work the authors calculated the UCr/SCr ratio and RFI in dogs infected with Babesia canis and the values of these indices in azotaemic dogs infected with the parasite. The results of this study showed significantly lower UCr/SCr ratio in dogs infected with B. canis than in healthy dogs. Moreover, in azotaemic dogs infected with B. canis the UCr/SCr ratio was significantly lower and the RFI was significantly higher than in non-azotaemic dogs infected with B. canis. The calculated correlation between RFI and duration of the disease before diagnosis and treatment was high, positive and statistically significant (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The results of this study showed that during the course of canine babesiosis caused by B. canis in Poland acute tubular necrosis may develop.
We investigated L-kynurenine distribution and metabolism in rats with experimental chronic renal failure of various severity, induced by unilateral nephrectomy and partial removal of contralateral kidney cortex. In animals with renal insufficiency the plasma concentration and the content of L-tryptophan in homogenates of kidney, liver, lung, intestine and spleen were significantly decreased. These changes were accompanied by increase activity of liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of kynurenine pathway in rats, while indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was unchanged. Conversely, the plasma concentration and tissue content of L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and anthranilic, kynurenic, xanthurenic and quinolinic acids in the kidney, liver, lung, intestine, spleen and muscles were increased. The accumulation of L-kynurenine and the products of its degradation was proportional to the severity of renal failure and correlated with the concentration of renal insufficiency marker, creatinine. Kynurenine aminotransferase, kynureninase and 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase activity was diminished or unchanged, while the activity of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase was significantly increased. We conclude that chronic renal failure is associated with the accumulation of L-kynurenine metabolites, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain uremic syndromes.
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Pathways of glomerular toxicity of cyclosporine-A: an "in vitro" study

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Background/Aims. Knowledge of renal toxicity of cyclosporine-A (CyA) is clouded by multiple effects on different glomerular and tubular cells and on kidney and systemic hemodynamics. To focus on glomerular action of CyA we used glomeruli isolated in vitro, with the aim of dissecting the effects on recruitment of glomerular vasoconstricting systems, like endothelin-1 (ET) and angiotensins (AI and AII). Methods. We studied the pathways of CyA damage on pig glomeruli isolated in vitro with the technique of sieving through mesh filters of different sizes, and incubated in an appropriate culture medium. The supernatant was sampled at different time intervals to measure ET, AI and AII concentrations upon addition of ET 10-12 or CyA 4·10-7 M, with or without either selective endothelin receptor A (ETA) or B (ETB), or unselective ETA-ETB receptor inhibitors. Results. CyA increased ET concentration (from 9.7±0.3 to 11.4±0.4 pg·ml-1, p<0.002), and the added ET released AI in the medium (from 26.6±4.7 to 39.1±4.6 pg·ml-1, p<0.05) when ETB receptors were blocked. In contrast, CyA stimulated angiotensins release independent of ET receptors blockade, hence, irrespective of ET concentration in the medium, from 26.6±4.7 to 38.0±2.1 pg·ml-1 for AI, p<0.05, and from 12.3±1.0 to 14.8±0.9 pg·ml-1 for AII, p<0.05. Conclusion. CyA releases ET and angiotensins independently by a direct action. Glomerular CyA toxicity might be mediated by recruitment of vasoconstricting peptides and modulated by relative ETA and ETB receptor occupancy.
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Kynurenine and its metabolites in the rat with experimental renal insufficiency

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In uremia a great number of the endogenous metabolites that are ordinarily excreted in urine accumulate in the blood. Among these are the products of KYN degradation. In the present study we evaluated the peripheral KYN metabolism in the various stages of the rat experimental chronic renal insufficiency. Our results showed significant disturbances in peripheral kynurenic pathway, which resulted in the significant decrease of TRP plasma level and augmentation of concentration of its metabolites. The high concentrations of 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid and quinolinic acid positively correlated with degree of the renal insufficiency. Talking into account the biological properties of KYN metabolites, their accumulation in the blood, may be at least partially, responsible for severity of uremia as well as for uremic symptoms such as neuropathy, increased susceptibility to infections, hypertension, lipid disturbances and anemia.
In a group of 194 persons aged 54–86 years global DNA methylation was determined using Imprint DNA Quantification KitMDQ1 (Sigma-Aldrich). The association with several biochemical factors as serum glucose,serum creatinine and folic acid (determined by chemiluminescence) levels as well as with sex, age and cognitive status was estimated by multivariate stepwise regression analysis. The strongest association was stated with serum creatinine (P=0.0003), with serum folic acid (P=0.005) and with glucose (0.008) levels. The mechanisms and significance of these associations is discussed in view of human aging and age-connected diseases as atherosclerosis, diabetes and renal failure
Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases of tropical countries with clinical manifestations such as anaemia, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, hepatomegaly and acute renal failures. In this study, cases of thrombocytopenia and haemoglobinemia were more prominent in subjects infected with Plasmodium falciparum (Welch, 1897) than those with Plasmodium vivax (Grassi et Feletti, 1890). However, anaemia, jaundice, convulsions and acute renal failure were significantly high (3–4 times) in subjects infected with P. falciparum than those infected with P. vivax. The incidence of splenomegaly and neurological sequelae were 2 and 6 times higher in P. falciparum infections compared to the infections of P. vivax. Both in P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria, the cases of splenomegaly, jaundice and neurological sequelae were almost double in children (<10 years) compared to older patients. The liver enzymes were generally in normal range in cases of low and mild infections. However, the AST, ALT, ALP activities and serum bilirubin, creatinine, and the urea content were increased in P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria patients having high parasitaemia, confirming liver dysfunction and renal failures in few cases of severe malaria both in India and Saudi Arabia.
Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are predominating and most widely studied ion channels in T lymphocytes (TL). Patch-clamp studies provide evidence that three different types of Kv channels, termed n, n' and l, are present in human in mouse TL. This review focuses on: 1) studies on biophysical properties of the three channel types, 2) role of Kv channels in TL cell function. Available data demonstrate that the activity of Kv channels in TL is required for: i. setting the TL resting membrane potential, ii. cell mitogenesis, iii. volume regulation. Blockade of Kv channels effectively blocks both mitogenesis and volume regulation of T cells, 3) changes of Kv channel expression in diseases. Results of patch-clamp studies provide evidence that expression of TL Kv channels is significantly altered in autoimmune diseases and in chronic renal failure. Autoimmune diseases are linked to an abnormally high expression of the l type Kv channels, which arises in parallel with the onset of autoimmunity, in mouse double-negative (DN-CD4-CD8-) TL. In chronic renal failure, a significant increase in the whole-cell potassium conductance (gKv), probably also due to altered channel expression, appears in human TL. The rise in the gKv value parallels the onset of the disease. Moreover, long-term therapy of uremic patients with recombinant human Erythropoietin is linked to a significant decrease in the gKv value towards the level of control TL. Altogether, the data demonstrate that patch-clamp studies on the Kv channels may provide a valuable tool delineating the role of the channels in TL cell-function and the pathogenesis of the diseases.
Celem przeprowadzonego badania była analiza wpływu rytmu (dzień z/bez dializy) i pory (godziny rozpoczęcia) zabiegu hemodializy na spożycie energii, białka, tłuszczu, węglowodanów, potasu i fosforu przez 38 pacjentów ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek. Wykazano, że pora przeprowadzania dializy istotnie wpływała na udział węglowodanów w dziennej racji pokarmowej badanych osób oraz na wartość energetyczną diety (II zmiana vs. III). Nie stwierdzono natomiast różnic w zawartości energii, białka, węglowodanów, tłuszczu, fosforu i potasu (kobiety) w diecie w dniu przeprowadzania zabiegu w porównaniu do dnia bez dializy.
Celem pracy była ocena wielkości spożycia wybranych składników mineralnych przez pacjentów z przewlekłą niewydolnością nerek leczonych nerkozastępczo metodą ciągłej ambulatoryjnej dializy otrzewnowej (CADO) lub hemodializy klasycznej (HD). W całodziennych racjach pokarmowych osób chorych stwierdzono bardzo niską podaż wapnia, cynku, miedzi, żelaza oraz magnezu ze źródeł pokarmowych. Spożycie sodu i potasu, nie przekraczało zaleceń dla pacjentów ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek. Jedynie podaż fosforu w dietach chorych mężczyzn, zarówno leczonych CADO jak i HD, byla wysoka, zgodna lub też nieznacznie przekraczająca zalecenia. Ze względu па niskie spożycie, wskazana byłaby suplementacja diety chorych dializowanych wybranymi składnikami mineralnymi, jednakże po uprzednim wykazaniu ich niedoborów.
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