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A new method of ACL reconstruction was designed and compared biomechanically in canine cadaver stifles by means of the Paatsma and Arnoczky methods. In the new method the substitute was done of a tendon as a two-bundle structure. The ends of the bundles were secured in tunnels drilled in the tibia and in the femur by insertion of screws along the tunnel axis. The reduction of the cranial drawer value after each repair was expressed as a percentage of the laxity in the same stifle after ACL excision. The stifles were tested both in 90° and 180° flexion. The new method reduced the cranial drawer significantly better than other tested methods. The obtained data suggest that this was not because of the two-bundle structure but due to the method of fixation of the ends of the bundles.
Based on the review of literature and their own clinical experience, the authors presented the merits of local flap repair of posttraumatic hard palate defects in dogs. In the case described, the dog underwent surgery due to a posttraumatic defect of the hard palate. The defect resulted from damage to the facial skeleton and caused food and fluid penetration to the nasal cavity as well as choking and coughing while eating. The palatal defect was repaired with the neighbouring flaps, creating the first layer with two rotated palatal flaps and an external one with the flap from the oral vestibule. The fistula was entirely covered and the oral cavity separated from the nasal cavity.
Geomorphology of the Vistula River Valley in Warsaw has been presented, as well as history of flood protective dikes and channel regulation works. From historical sources we have the description of catastrophic flood of 1635. The level of the flood of 1844 has been preserved in the form of high water mark. Using two dimensional hydrodynamic model CCHE2D the simulation of thousand years recurrence flood has been performed. It has been compared the result of the calculations with historical chronic and high water mark. It has been calculated the pattern of flood water flow over Praga district terrace, showing also the possibility of flood flow directly to Narew river through the relive channels leading by a terrain depressions of today's Zeranski Canal and Bródnowski Canal.
A novel, skeletal reconstruction of Archaeopteryx skeleton follows Heilmann's (1926) tradition in being based primarily on osteological evidence and free phylogenetic and functional preconceptions. Although the connection between the sternum and ribs remains unknown, a combination of positional and comparative evidence speaks for the presence of cartilaginous sternal ribs. The reconstructed rib cage is compatible with some levels of the airsac ventilation mechanics. The reconstructed segmental position (relative to the vertebral column) of the shoulder girdle at the level of 11th or 12th vertebra agrees with evidence from both modern birds and theropods. The wing must have been largely folded in the resting position, but the geometry and mechanism of wing folding remain conjectural. In its gait and stance, Archaeopteryx was more similar to the modern birds than to the theropods.
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