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The expression of cyclin E gene (CCNE) in relation to the expression of its major regulatory protein, E2F1, was examined in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). We show that the overexpression of E2F1 is accompanied by the significant increase of the mean amounts of cyclin E mRNA, as well as of total cyclin E protein and its low molecular weight forms in cancer tissues as compared to peritumoral controls. A significant increase of the mean amount of total cyclin E was found in peritumoral tissues compared to cancer-free kidneys, suggesting that cancer cells might secrete factors having a profound influence on the metabolism of neighbouring tissues. A significant, positive correlations between E2F1 protein and total cyclin E mRNA, as well as between E2F1 protein and full length cyclin E protein were found in cancer-free kidneys and in peritumoral tissues, but not in ccRCCs. The overexpression of cyclin E positively correlated with the decreasing degree of tumor differentiation, implicating a role for cyclin E in the promotion of tumorigenesis.
Below the melting point temperature of lipids, artificial lipid membranes usually exist in the ordered gel phase. Above these temperatures lipid acyl chains become fluid and disordered (liquid-crystalline phase). Depending on the chemical composition of artificial membranes, phase separation may occur, leading to the formation of transient or stable membrane domains. A similar phase separation of lipids into ordered and disordered domains has been observed in natural membranes at physiological temperature range. Moreover, it has been reported that certain proteins prefer certain organization of lipids, as for example glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins or Src family of tyrosine kinases. The aim of present review is to discuss the possibility that some lipid microdomains are induced or stabilized by lipid-binding proteins that under certain conditions, for example due to a rise of cytosolic Ca2+ or pH changes, may attach to the membrane surface, inducing clustering of lipid molecules and creation of ordered lipid microdomains. These domains may than attract other cytosolic proteins, either enzymes or regulatory proteins. It is, therefore, postulated that lipid microdomains play important roles within a cell, in signal transduction and enzymatic catalysis, and also in various pathological states, as Alzheimer's disease, anti-phosphatidylserine syndrome, or development of multidrug resistance of cancer cells.
The review focuses on the progress in recent decades on various aspects of molecular responses taking place in plants infested by herbivorous arthropods. The diversity of herbivoryinitiated molecular events was presented with special emphasis on: (1) elicitors and a general recognition process, (2) signal perception, transduction, integration and defence gene expression, (3) cross-talk between salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defence pathways, and (4) regulators of plant defence responses.
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