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Stan techniczny dróg leśnych - potrzeby remontowe

75%
Making transportation possible in forest areas is essential for forest management to ensure the protection of tree stands (fire access roads, forest monitoring) and use (in situ sales of wood), as well as for tourism and educational purposes. The units of the State Forests National Forest Holding optimize the spatial and quantitative network of roads, but as the manager of the National Treasury's assets, they must ensure that forest roads are in adequate condition. An attempt was made to analyze the technical condition of forest roads based on data from the Information System of the State Forests and to determine their repair and investment needs. Over 50% of all forest roads in the areas managed by the State Forests are still natural, unpaved roads, and 25% of them are considered to be in bad condition. The general technical condition of transportation routes is better, as roads providing unlimited traffic in good and satisfactory condition amount to 43,348 km (41% of all roads). 48% of main roads connected with public roads, which are the primary communication system of forest districts, are in good and satisfactory condition. The analysis shows that 24% (13,000 km) of main roads generally have a dirt surface or improved dirt surface, whereas 5,500 km of roads serving as fire access roads are in bad condition, requiring repair or reconstruction. The use of unpaved surfaces requires maintenance and repair work to ensure the ability to sustain load capacities and parameters enabling use by high−tonnage vehicles for timber hauling and extinguishing fires. It is estimated that on average 5.4% of roads need maintenance work per year, which is equivalent to almost 5,760 km. The quantitative optimization of roads contributed to an increase in the importance and load of the current forest road network, where main roads represent 52% and fire access roads 47%, connected with the need to ensure appropriate technical parameters through the reconstruction of sections of roads.
Nowadays in forestry, we observe an increase in threats that rise the uncertainty and risk of the forest management. This is caused, inter alia, by increasing intensity of forest and environmental damage as well as by the conflict of expectations for the use of forest resources. As a result, there is a problem of achieving the goals of sustainable development and adaptation of the forest ecosystems to new challenges. The aim of the presented study was to assess the regional variety of the need and the urgency of stands conversion. The feature was determined for all stands of the State Forests older than 20 years. Three assessment criteria were selected: (A) silvicultural target (compatibility of the species composition with the planned one), (B) stands stability (resultant from 5 auxiliary sub−indices), and (C) stock level (including 2 auxiliary sub−indices). The majority of stands has consistent species composition (over 60% in total), however only a small fraction of stands was found with a species composition incompatible with the planned one (average 6.34%). Stands with medium stability accounted for about 70%, while those with poor growing stock status make up about 70% of stands under analysis. The regional diversification of the needs for stands reconstruction seems to be strongly correlated with the incompatibility of stand’s species composition with habitat conditions. The largest fraction of stands requiring conversion was observed in Wrocław, Kraków and Katowice regional directorates of the State Forests. This situation may change in the future due to dynamic changes resulting from modifications of the climate and the deterioration of health condition of dominant Scots pine stands in central and north parts of Poland. Private forests were not taken into consideration in this research. It may impact the overall picture in regions of the high share of private forest ownership.
The study objectives were to identify external sources of financing the nature and forest education and to analyze the level of their use in regional directorates of the State Forests (RDSF) in the years 2006−2016. In addition, we studied the relationship between the amount of external and internal financing. As a data source, we used reports on educational activities of the State Forests for the investigated period. The work determines the relationship between individual categories of external funds and the amount of total funding and the amount of external financing for forest and nature education in individual RDSFs. In order to examine the relationship between the amount of external and internal financing, correlation analysis of changes was carried out. The conducted research confirmed the diversity in the use of the individual external sources in the financing of forest and nature education in the State Forests. The RDSFs use mainly money from the voivodeship funds for environmental protection and water management. They also conduct extensive cooperation with various entities, which participate in expenditures, hence a significant share of these funds in the financing of forest and nature education. We found a weak correlation between the amount of funding raised from voivodeship funds for environmental protection and water management and own sources of education financing (r=0.2162) and between other external sources and own sources of funding (r=0.2717). On the other hand, a high correlation occurred between funds from voivodeship funds for environmental protection and water management and other external sources of financing and external financing (r=0.6544 and 0.617, respectively). RDSFs should intensify their activities aimed at changing the structure of financing sources, in favor of increasing the share of external funds. The priority in this respect should be to clarify the rules of financing forest and nature education from the state budget and of using the funding opportunities from this source.
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