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1

Dental abnormalities in the red fox Vulpes vulpes from Poland

100%

Szuma E.

Acta Theriologica

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1999

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tom 44

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nr 4

The sample of 1453 specimens of the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) from Poland was analysed from the point of view of the presence and frequency of congenital dental abnormalities. Deviations from the steady dental pattern were found in 196 specimens (56 females, 100 males and 40 specimens of unknown sex). Together 230 cases of' anomalies were classified to eight different categories of dental abnormalities. The most frequent anomalies were: oligodonties (7.2%; leaving out those of M3 - 2.8%). The frequencies of the remaining categories were the following: deviations from the typical shape of the tooth - 2.5%, hypoplastic changes of the tooth enamel - 2.5%, presence of extra roots - 2.0%, polidonties - 2.0%, irregularities in the position of the teeth - 1.9%, partial split of the crown - 1.4%, partial eruption of the teeth - 0.7%. The frequency of the dental abnormalities was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in males (15.7%) than females (10.5%). Six out of eight categories of the dental abnormalities, ie: oligodonty, polidonty, partial split of the crown, partial eruption of the teeth, deviations from the typical shape of the tooth and irregularities in the position of the teeth, were insignificantly more frequent in males, Additional roots were found equally often among males as females, while enamel hypoplasias occurred insignificantly more frequently among females than among males. The examples of the dental anomalies observed in red fox indicated that in many cases they did not result from the influence of a single factor but they were the effect of a combined operation two or more factors of both genetic and environmental nature.

2

Trace metals and micronutrients in bone tissues of the red fox Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)

86%

Lanocha N., Kalisinska E., Kosik-Bogacka D. I., Budis H., Noga-Deren K.

Acta Theriologica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 3

In this study we determined the levels of trace elements (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and mercury) in three layers of bones of the hip joint (cartilage, compact bone and spongy bone) of 30 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from north-western Poland. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) in inductively coupled argon plasma using a Perkin-Elmer Optima 2000 DV. Determination of Hg concentration was performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In cartilage, compact bone and spongy bone samples from the red fox, median concentrations of the metals studied could be arranged in the following descending series: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg, the values ranging from 142 to 0.002 mg/kg dw. There was a significant difference in Cu concentrations, among all the materials analyzed, with much more Cu found in spongy bone than in compact bone. Significant differences were also noted in the case of Hg concentrations in cartilage with compact bone and the spongy bone, and between concentrations of this metal in compact bone and spongy bone. In males, the concentration of Hg in spongy bone was greater than in females. Younger foxes had a higher concentration of this metal in cartilage than adults. The strongest synergistic relationships were observed in spongy bone between the Zn and Cu, Zn and Cd, as well as between Cu and Cd. Statistically significant antagonistic relationships were detected between zinc and lead in compact bone. In addition to monitoring studies conducted on the abiotic environment, an urgent need exists for long-term monitoring of concentrations of heavy metals with long-term effects on living organisms. An important addition is provided by biomonitoring studies on domesticated and free-living mammals, including Canidae.

3

Does red fox Vulpes vulpes affect bird species richness and abundance in an agricultural landscape?

86%

Kujawa K., Lecki R.

Acta Ornithologica

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2008

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tom 43

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nr 2

167-178

The aim of the study (carried out 25 km south of Poznań, western Poland) was to determine the impact of Red Fox on bird abundance on farmland. Bird abundance was studied in the years 1999-2000 and 2005-2007 in three categories of sampling plots: 1) in small woods — with or without active fox dens, 2) along transects — starting from dens and running across arable land, and 3) around points — located at dens and far from them. Thus, variability in bird density was analyzed in relation to the presence/absence of Red Fox (in woods) and to the intensity of Red Fox penetration of crops (approximated by distance from a den). Two groups of bird species were distinguished with respect to their vulnerability to Red Fox predation pressure: 1) potential fox prey, i.e. species nesting on the ground and in low vegetation; and 2) birds not threatened by foxes, i.e. species nesting in tree holes and in tall vegetation. To investigate the relationships between bird distribution and Red Fox dens in woods, a step-wise multiple regression of bird density and species number on woodland structure was first performed. The residuals derived from the model were used to evaluate the impact of foxes by analyzing the differences between woods with and without active dens. Neither the species number nor the bird density differed significantly between woods with and without active dens. The differences in bird density observed between years in woods with or without active dens were not significant, either. No relationship between bird density in crop fields and distance from fox dens was found. The results are contrary to those of earlier studies and show that Red Fox does not affect farmland bird distribution, diversity and abundance, at least in the short term.

4

Endoparasitic fauna of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Serbia

86%

Ilic T., Becskei Z., Petrovic T., Polacek V., Ristic B., Milic S., Stepanovic P., Radisavljevic K., Dimitrijevic S.

Acta Parasitologica

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2016

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tom 61

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nr 2

5

Dental anomalies in the gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus and the fox Vulpes vulpes

86%

Gisburne T. J., Feldhamer G. A.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 4

515-520

We examined dental anomalies, including oligodonty, polydonty, connation, rotation, and misalignment in 510 gray foxes and 150 red foxes from southern Illinois (USA). Dental anomalies were significantly more common (x 2 = 11.5, df = 1,p < 0.001) in gray foxes (n = 177; 34.7% of sample) than red foxes (n = 25; 16.6% of sample), and more common in male than female gray foxes (x 2 = 3.88, df = 1,p < 0.05). Polydonty was very uncommon, as expected for species in which the normal dental complement is close to the primitive eutherian number. In both species, the most prevalent anomaly was loss of the last lower molar. Loss of the upper or lower first premolar was also common. Thus, oligodonty almost always involved the smaller anterior (P1 and P1) or posterior (M3) teeth of the dental arcade. Conversely, the large carnassial teeth, with complex occlusal patterns and shearing surfaces, appeared to be highly conserved with only three anomalous individuals (0.4%) among all specimens.

6

Home ranges in red fox: territoriality diminishes with increasing area

86%

Goszczynski J.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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2002

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tom 47

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nr 1

Red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) are generally regarded as strictly territorial animals, inhabiting distinct and well-separated ranges. The home ranges of these predators can vary in size from a few dozen hectares to as much as 20-30 km2. Because it seemed impossible that foxes could defend areas so different in size with the same intensity, the published data were analysed in order to see how changes in home range size could affect the following parameters: home range overlap, the area visited daily and the distance travelled by animals during 24 h. It was found that the overlap between fox families (groups) occupying large ranges was much greater than between foxes living in small ranges. The ratio of the area visited daily to the seasonal home range size was greater in small ranges than in large ones. No significant correlation was found between the mean distance moved daily and home range size (r = -0.118, p = 0.75). These results suggest different patterns of the use of space and differences in territorial defence by red foxes inhabiting large and small ranges. The implications of home range overlap and intensity of contacts between foxes occupying neighbouring ranges for the spread of disease are discussed. The significant overlap between large ranges found in this paper is discussed in the light of Andrzejewski's (2002) home range concept.

7

Changes in red fox habitat preference and rest site fidelity following a disease-induced population decline

86%

Newman T. J., Baker P. J., Simcock E., Saunders G., White P. C. L., Harris S.

Acta Theriologica

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2003

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tom 48

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nr 1

The habitat preferences of red foxesVulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in Bristol, UK, were compared during periods of high and low population density following an outbreak of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei). These periods are termed ‘pre-epizootic’ and ‘post-epizootic’, respectively. Habitat preferences were compared between periods during nocturnal activity and diurnal inactivity using compositional analysis. Back gardens were the most preferred habitat for pre-epizootic foxes during periods of activity; back gardens and allotment/woodland habitats were equally preferred by post-epizootic foxes, with a trend for allotment/woodland to be the most favoured. During periods of inactivity, pre-epizootic foxes selected back gardens for diurnal rest sites, compared with allotments/woodland in the post-epizootic period. Post-epizootic foxes also showed a significant decrease in rest sitefidelity, such that they were very unlikely to re-use a rest site more than once. In comparison, pre-epizootic foxes were often very faithful to one or a small number of sites. Such changes in habitat preference and rest site fidelity could have been facilitated by: (1) changes in food availability, (2) a decrease in intra-specific competition, (3) the requirements of defending larger territories post-epizootic, or (4) an avoidance of habitats that might increase the likelihood of mange transmission. The management implications of these results are discussed.

8

A survey of intestinal helminths of red foxes [Vulpes vulpes] in Northern Belgium

86%

Vervaeke M., Dorny P., De Bruyn L., Vercammen F., Jordaens K., Van Den Berge K., Verhagen R.

Acta Parasitologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 3

Between 1994 and 1999, 219 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were collected in northern Belgium and examined for intestinal helminths. The effects of host-related (age, sex, body mass/size ratio) and temporal factors on the prevalence and on the number of parasite species per individual host were investigated. The following parasites were found: cestodes Echinococcus multilocularis (1.8%), Dipylidium caninum (0.9%) and Taenia spp. (2.7%), nematodes Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina (47.9%) and Uncinaria stenocephala (31.5%), and trematode species (0.9%). Of all foxes, 82 (37.4%) proved to be fully negative. We found no host-related (sex, age) nor temporal effect on parasite occurrence and on the number of parasite species per individual host. Unparasitised adult foxes had a higher body mass/size ratio than hosts with intestinal parasites and also the number of parasite species per individual was negatively related with this rough index of host body condition. The presence of these zoonotic parasites in a region with a very high human population density urges a close surveillance of these parasites as they may lead to expansions of helminthoses in (northern) Belgium. Finally, this study emphasizes the need to study the prevalence of intestinal helminths in regions that are recently colonised by red foxes since such studies may add to our understanding of the emergence, the temporal spread and the persistence of zoonoses in Europe.

9

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Trichinella britovi in red foxes in Poland

86%

Cabaj W., Malczewski A., Moskwa B., Pozio E.

Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

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1998

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tom 44

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nr 3

10

Reproductive strategies of the raccoon dog and the red fox in Finland

86%

Kauhala K.

Acta Theriologica

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1996

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tom 41

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nr 1

Reproductive strategies of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonaid.es (Gray, 1834) and the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in southern Finland in 1986-1995. Litter size and relative litter weight, body size, population status and ecology were compared. Although the body size is almost equal, diet rather similar and both raccoon dog and fox populations have been rather stable during the study period, the litter sizes and relative litter weights differ greatly. The mean litter size of the raccoon dog was 9.0 and that of the red fox 5.1. The mean relative litter weight was 18.3-24.0% for the raccoon dog and 10,4-12.5% for the red fox. Thus, raccoon dog females are able to invest relatively more in reproduction than the red fox. There are several features in the ecology and behaviour of these species which can explain the different strategies. First, vole cycles have a strong effect on red fox reproduction, but have only a week effect on the litter size of the raccoon dog. Second, the raccoon dog sleeps during harsh winters and females are in good condition in the breeding season regardless of the weather and food supply during the winter. The red fox is always active in winter when food availability may be low and moving in snow is energetically costly. Omnivory, the ability to accumulate large fat reserves and winter dormancy guarantee the good condition of raccoon dog females even in fluctuating environments by reducing the relative costs of reproduction. Third, raccoon dog pups are easy prey to other predators, and mortality during their first year is very high. If mortality rate before the reproductive age is high and independent of litter size, natural selection will favour large litters. Juvenile mortality among red foxes is lower, and it probably would increase in larger litters due to eg starvation.

11

Faeces count as an index of fox abundance

86%

Cavallini P.

Acta Theriologica

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1994

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tom 39

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nr 4

Faeces were collected monthly along transects in 9 areas of the Pisa province, central Italy, from April 1992 to March 1993 (total km walked = 982). An index of fox abundance (n of faeces per km) was computed. It was negatively influenced by rainfall in the 20 days preceding the transect, but was unrelated to the percentage of plant material in the diet. Differences among areas (averages from 0.338 to 2.966 faeces per km) were significant (p < 0.0001) and consistent throughout the year, Faeces were randomly distributed along the transects. The index may therefore provide an efficient and inexpensive method to evaluate relative abundance of foxes, but comparisons should include only areas and periods with similar rainfall. Seasonal population fluctuations are not detectable. Best results may be obtained when rainfall in the 20 days preceding the transect did not exceed 50 mm.

12

Prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in North-West Poland

86%

Ramisz A., Eckert J., Balicka-Ramisz A.

Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

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1998

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tom 44

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nr 3

13

The red fox [Vulpes vulpes] as reservoir of Trichinella sp.in Poland

86%

Malczewska M., Malczewski A., Rocki B., Cabaj W.

Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

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1997

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tom 43

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nr 3

14

Ranging behaviour of juvenile red foxes and its implications for management

86%

Robertson C. P. J., Baker P. J., Harris S.

Acta Theriologica

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2000

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tom 45

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nr 4

The diurnal and nocturnal movement patterns of juvenile foxes Vulpes uulpes (Linneaus, 1758) were investigated in Bristol, UK. Juvenile and adult foxes were radio-tracked between May and December in three consecutive years. In the months preceding the main dispersal period (May-September), cubs showed a gradual increase in the area over which they ranged, and this was reflected both in the use of diurnal lying-up sites and nocturnal patterns of movement. However, their behaviour was highly focused at secure den sites and rendezvous sites. There was no significant difference in the movement patterns of male and female cubs. By the end of August, the nocturnal movement patterns of cubs were comparable with resident aduit animals with the exception of their average speed of travel. During the onset of the main dispersal period (October-December) subadults showed the same movement patterns as adults. These results are discussed within the context of fox management by the distribution of baits. It is proposed that the low bait uptake rate of juveniles is associated with their limited ranging behaviour as cubs, and with differences in patterns of range utilisation as subadults.

15

Choice of resting sites by female foxes Vulpes vulpes in a mountainous habitat

86%

Meia J. S., Weber J. M.

Acta Theriologica

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1993

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tom 38

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nr 1

The resting sites of seven radio-tracked Red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) vixens were determined in the Swiss Jura mountains. During their nocturnal active period, foxes rested bove ground near their foraging areas. In daytime, some foxes always used dens in areas with little cover, while some other individuals often rested above ground when cover was abundant. Weather did not influence the choice of the resting place, except in extreme conditions. Each fox used several resting places, sometimes moving from one to another during the day, especially when lying above ground.

16

Studies on the incidence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes [Vulpes vulpes] in North-East, Central and South of Poland

86%

Rocki B., Malczewski A., Eckert J.

Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

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1998

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tom 44

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nr 3

17

Trichinella spp. in red foxes [Vulpes vulpes] of Estonia

86%

Jarvis T., Malakauskas A., Miller I., Kapel C. M. O.

Acta Parasitologica

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2004

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tom 49

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nr 3

The objective of the present survey was to establish the distribution of Trichinella species in red foxes in Estonia. Of 446 muscle samples from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) collected in different regions of Estonia in a three-year period (2000-2002), Trichinella was recovered from 181 foxes (41%) by HCl-pepsin digestion. Of 121 Trichinella samples typed by multiplex-PCR, T. nativa and T. hritovi were identified in 61 (50%) and 47 (39%) foxes, respectively, whereas mixed infections with these two species were detected in 13 foxes (11%). T. nativa-infected foxes were originating from colder areas than those infected with T. britovi.

18

Studies on parasitic fauna of red foxes in North-West Region of Poland

86%

Bienko R.

Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

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1998

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tom 44

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nr 3

19

Effects of forest roads on large mammal behaviour

72%

Turk Y., Cometen S., Keten A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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tom 68

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nr 4

20

Genetic variability of farmed and free-living populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

72%

Jezewska-Witkowska G., Horecka B., Jakubczak A., Kasperek K., Slaska B., Bugno-Poniewierska M., Piorkowska M.

Annals of Animal Science

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2012

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tom 12

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nr 4

Ograniczanie wyników

Dental abnormalities in the red fox Vulpes vulpes from Poland

Trace metals and micronutrients in bone tissues of the red fox Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)

Does red fox Vulpes vulpes affect bird species richness and abundance in an agricultural landscape?

Endoparasitic fauna of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Serbia