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The results present in this study suggest that the Toxoplasma gondii recombinant ROP1 antigen in an IgG avidity test can be useful for detection of acute stage of infection. Specific antibodies of low avidity were detected in most of the sera from individuals with acute toxoplasmosis, while the absence or specific antibodies of high avidity were detected in sera from patients with chronic infection.
The description of very efficient system for production and purification of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens, GRA6, p35 and SAG2 is given in this study. The usefulness of these antigens for diagnostic of human infections was tested in an ELISA using 99 sera obtained during routine diagnostics. The sera for testing were selected from either acute or chronically infected patients. Both r-GRA6 and r-p35 antigens detected antibodies more frequently (p<0.01) from acute (93.9 and 87.9%) rather than chronic (60.6 and 53.0%) infections. The r-SAG2 gave a similar sensitivity in both groups of patients (93.9 and 95.5%).
Among many vaccine approaches developed against gastrointestinal helminths in the recent years, parenteral vaccination and use of recombinant helminth antigens expressed in various expression systems have been a major focus. Significant progress has been made towards cloning of protective worm antigens. The recombinant proteins have several benefits over classic vaccine technologies, including increased safety, economy, stability and versatility. Moreover, the identification of site and developmental stage of the parasite in which the expression of genes encoding for potential vaccine antigen become possible using a variety of molecular techniques including hybridization in situ, expressed sequence tags analysis or cDNA microarray technology. Unfortunately, in the research reported so far little attention has been paid to oral vaccination, which may be of particular importance for the development of protective immunity against enteric parasites. The biggest obstacles to vaccine production at present time are: lack of an efficient expression system, which could guarantee proper post-translational modifications of recombinant helminth antigens as well as lack of efficient mucosal delivery systems. These obstacles will be possibly successfully overcome by use of transgenic plants both for the antigen expression and as adjuvants.
The aim of this study was to test the potential diagnostic usefulness of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry antigens, ROP2 and ROP4, with respect to toxoplasmosis detection and infection phase distinction in laboratory mouce by determining specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies with the use of indirect ELISA technique. The mice antibody response to ROP antigens was significantly higher in the IgM than in the IgG class with the peak on the turn of acute and latent infection, whereas the response to recombinant SAG1 antigen, used as control, revealed preferential synthesis of IgG antibodies with the highest absorbance values measured during latent toxoplasmosis.
Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disease of uncertain etiology. Previous studies have demonstrated that antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii infection are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to analyze anti-T. gondii antibodies in 477 Chinese schizophrenia patients using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on recombinant surface antigen 1 (rSAG1), recombinant bradyzoite antigen 1 (rBAG1) and the soluble tachyzoite antigens (STAg) of T. gondii RH strain. Results showed that among the sero-positives (IgG and/or IgM) for T. gondii infection examined in schizophrenia patients, sero-positive samples for rSAG1, rBAG1 and STAg were 20.5% (98/477), 20.5% (98/477) and 23.5% (112/477) respectively, while compared to 210 blood donors, sero-positive (IgG and/or IgM) samples for these antigens (rSAG1, rBAG1 and STAg) were only 5.7% (12/210), 6.2% (13/210) and 5.7% (12/210), respectively. Furthermore, when IgG antibody reaction in the schizophrenia sera was compared with the rBAG1 and rSAG1, results demonstrated that beside the cases which can be detected by both rSAG1 and rBAG1, some sero-positive for T. gondii in schizophrenia sera can only be detected either by rSAG1 or rBAG1. This phenomenon was also observed in the detection of IgM with rSAG1 and rBAG1. 5.9% (28/477) of cases of schizophrenia which are positive for IgG or IgM by rSAG1 are negative for STAg, while 9.2% (44/477) of the schizophrenia cases which are positive for IgG or IgM by rBAG1 are negative for STAg. Although STAg can also be used to diagnose T. gondii infection from schizophrenia patients, it may not actually indicate the infection as some positive samples may be mistakenly considered to be negative. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the sero-positive rate for T. gondii in the Chinese schizophrenia patients was higher than blood donors. More importantly, our results provide evidence that the combination of rSAG1 and rBAG1 antigens in the diagnosis of T. gondii infection could closely reflect the actual infection of this parasite in schizophrenia patients.
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