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In view of the lack of research on the behaviour of horses working on mechanical treadmills, this study was aimed at assessing the behaviour of ponies on the treadmill and at analysing their heart rate variability in order to describe characteristic types of their behavioural and emotional response. The study was conducted on nine Felin ponies, which were being accustomed to working on a mechanical treadmill for three consecutive days. Their heart rate variability parameters were measured and their behaviour was assessed while the animals were stabled, when they were walking onto the treadmill, during treadmill work and as they walked off the treadmill. The results obtained were used to describe behavioural and emotional response patterns of the horses being accustomed to working on the treadmill. The results were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (repeated measures), t-Tukey’s test and Spearman’s rank correlations. It was found that the proposed method of describing the types of emotional and behavioural response of ponies indicates the need to assess their level of being accustomed to working on the treadmill by observation of their behaviour combined with simultaneous measurement of their heart rate parameters. The use of both methods is necessary especially when ponies are entering the treadmill and during their work on the treadmill, which are the two most difficult stages for the animals. It is also worth remembering that ponies should first be accustomed to the new environment and only later to working on the treadmill. A three-day period of adaptation to the new environment may be insufficient. Care should be taken especially on the second day of getting ponies accustomed to the treadmill, which can be regarded as critical. A positive finding is that the increased emotional arousal/excitability of ponies trained for treadmill work is short-lived.
Influence of NH3 in doses of 0.1-0.5 mg/dm3 on performance ability of the common bream was studied at 15 and 20°C using a method of burdening the fish with predetermined physical effort. The ergometric readings revealed, that within the range of 0.12-0.13 mg of NH3/dm3 there was no effect of ammonia on lowering the performance ability of the fish. Within the concentration range of 0.37-0.39 mg of NH3/dm3, at 15°C the value of work declined to 54% and at 20°C-to 22% of the respective values of control group.
The objective of the study was to determine the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems associated with various kinds of behaviour in Thoroughbred yearlings during initial training by natural methods. The initial training lasted approximately one hour a day for three successive days. Each day, the behaviour of each colt during the first 15 minutes of training was filmed. During training, a telemetric device was used to measure heart rhythm parameters: heart rate (HR per minute), which shows the activity level of the sympathetic system, and RMSSD (root mean square of two successive RR intervals in QRS curve; ms), illustrating the activity level of the parasympathetic system. On the basis of the film, the frequency of 10 most typical kinds of behaviour was estimated. The synchronization of the film with the heart rhythm parameters record made it possible to determine the mean values of these parameters for particular kinds of behaviour. The results show that on the successive days of training, the activity of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic system increased, and the frequency of reactions decreased. The heart rhythm parameters show that, among the typical reactions to training, four kinds of behaviour are desirable: turning the head towards the trainer, low position of the head, turning ears towards the trainer and licking the lips. Other kinds of behaviour, that is, running away, a high position of the head, vocalization, teeth grinding, tail movements to the sides and defecation, are undesirable. The highest excitability is associated with running away and a high position of the head, whereas the head turned towards the trainer and a low position of the head show that the horse is calm.
Badano wpływ amlodypiny, diltiazemu, nifedypiny i verapamilu na antynocyceptywne działanie Padmy 28 w teście wicia się u myszy. Wykazano, że Padma 28 istotnie zmniejsza reaktywność bólową myszy. Antagoniści kanału wapniowego: nifedypina (500 ug/kg i.p) i verapamil (10 ug/kg i.p). nie zmieniały działania, natomiast amlodypina (1 (ig/kg i.p) nasilała, a diltiazem (100 ug/kg i.p) istotnie zmniejszał antynocyceptywne działanie Padmy 28.
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