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Rubus occidentalis L., native to eastern North America, is recorded for the first time as naturalized in Poland. Its spontaneous occurrence in Europe has hitherto been mentioned only from several stands in the Czech Republic and from single localities in Slovakia and Russia. The increasing popularity of black raspberry cultivation and its ability to survive under different environmental conditions suggest that the number of instances of its appearances in semi-natural habitats will grow over time. At the moment, R.occidentalis can be considered as a locally established, non-invasive neophyte.
The bionomy and ecology of Amphorophora idaei (Bőrn.) on raspberry was studied under insectary conditions and in two rasberry farm plantations in 1997–2002. In 2001 and 2002 the development and fecundity of A. idaei under controlled conditions were also observed.
Wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is abundantly grown and widely distributed in temperate regions of lower Himalayan range which represents rich biological diversity for raspberry. Thirty accessions were explored from three different locations of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan), several traits were visualized at sampling locations and some characteristics were evaluated and quantified after harvest of leaf and fruit samples. The accessions differed greatly in growth habit, blooming time, intensity of flowering, fruit setting, ripening time, productivity, fruit shape and color. Concerning quantitative characteristics, significant differences were found in plant height, leaf length and width, number of braches per plant, duration of flowering, fruit setting percentage, days to maturity, fruit length, width and weight among the samples collected from different locations. Ripe fruits were evaluated for their chemical composition i.e. moisture, carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, ash, TSS, acidity, pH and mineral (K, Ca, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr) contents. The location also had significant effect on chemical composition of ripe fruits.
The aim of study was to evaluate the efficiency of a mechanical harvest of primo­cane (autumn) raspberry. The harvest was carried out using the tractor-pulled, one- row harvester "Natalia", equipped with four shakers. Two cultivars of raspberry: 'Polka' and 'Polana' were used in the evaluation of the quality of work. One ampli­tude (50 mm) and several frequencies (from 6.7 to 11.7 Hz) of shakers were applied. The following factors were evaluated during the conducted tests: amount of ripe and unripe picked fruits, amount of ripe fruits left on canes, and amount of fruits fallen on ground. The efficiency of mechanical harvest depended on the detachment forces of fruits and applied frequencies of shaker vibrations. Decrease of detachment forces during the vegetation season allowed application of lower shaking frequencies which reduced the percentage of unripe fruits harvested by the machine. Fruit loss on the ground was 1 -5% and was independent of shaking parameters. A better quality of harvest was achieved for the 'Polka' cultivar. Depending on the used harvest parame­ters, 60-80% of 'Polka' fruits were successfully harvested. 'Polana' was characterized by higher detachment forces and significantly lower quality of harvest (50-70%).
Background. Dietary fiber is not only used for its nutritional properties, but also for its functional and technological properties. The food industry produces significant amounts of by-products which are problems in their disposal. Usually, these products are used in animal feeding. However, the high content of dietary fiber could permit their usage in food products. The dietary fiber in the diet has been recommended on the level 25-30 g/day. Thus, to supplement daily diet, dietary fiber should be incorporated into frequently consumed foods. The objective of this study was an effort to use raspberry pomace, byproduct of food processing, in cookies. Material and methods. The material of the study was raspberry pomace sourced directly from a fruit processing plant. Pomace is obtained in a dried form. Two sorts of raspberry pomace were applied: crumbled (ME) and non-crumbled (NM). These preparations were used as replacement of flour at the level 25 and 50%. The baked goods were sensory evaluated by a consumer method. Contents of neutral detergent dietary fibre (NDF) and its fractions were determined by the detergent method according to Van Soest and total dietary fibre (TDF), soluble dietary fibre (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) according to Asp et al. Results. The content of dietary fiber in raspberry pomace was very higher. These by- products were found to be rich in cellulose and lignin. Cookies with dietary fiber preparations contained much more dietary fiber - NDF (from 10.1 g/100 g - 25% NM to 24.7 g/100 g of products - 50% NM) in comparison with the control sample (1.7 g/100 g of product). The use of raspberry pomace in cookies resulted in fiber contents increase. Moreover, the addition did not have negative influence on organoleptic characteristics of the product and was accepted by consumers. Conclusions. The substantial dietary fiber content of fruit by-products and, in particular, fruit seeds, should attract the interest of dieticians.
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is the major antioxidant in plasma, a protein that carries about 95% of the total copper. Multiple biochemical activities of ceruloplasmin have been described, including copper transport or oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) for subsequent uptake by transferrin and ferritin. Reduction of the pool of free Fe(II) ions by Cp prevents the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species by oxidation of Fe(II), thus inhibiting the Haber-Weiss reaction. The removal of both free Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from blood plasma by polyphenols enhances the antioxidant system of the living organism. However, the mechanism of interactions between exo- and endogenous antioxidants is still under consideration. The effect of raspberry seed extract (RSE) on the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin isolated from plasma of patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis (CpAO) was investigated. Moreover, the effect of RSE on the ferroxidase activity of Cp isolated from healthy volunteers (CpC) was also estimated. The ferroxidase activity of Cp, expressed as ΔFe(II), was determined by spectrophotometry with the use of the Fe(II) – histidine complex and ferrozine as a chromogenic reagent. The addition of RSE to samples with the same amount of both CpAO or CpC in each caused an increase in ΔFe(II). The polyphenol-rich RSE may assist Cp in the fight against free radicals and reactive oxygen species when the disease occurs due to an excessive use or reduced production of endogenous antioxidants.
The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of two storage tempera­tures (+1 °C and +4 °C) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the posthar- vest quality of 'Glen Ample' raspberry. Fruits were picked into 450-g well-ventilated plastic punnets, cooled down for 24 hours and packed as follows: control - unpacked ventilated punnets covered with a lid; punnets wrapped in Xtend® film, punnets wrapped with PP30 - 30 ^m polypropylene film and punnets wrapped with OPP25 - 25 ^m oriented polypropylene film. One treatment consisted of eight replicate bags. After 3 days in cool storage, all packages were kept at +15 °C for 24 hours to simulate retail conditions. The O2 and CO2 content in the packages was measured daily. Soluble solids con­tent (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness, ascorbic acid content (AAC), antho- cyanins (ACY) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined at harvest and at the end of storage. The number of spoiled fruits was recorded and a sensory evalua­tion was carried out at the end of the experiment. Vol. 19(1) 2011: 145-153 During the first 24 hours, the concentration of CO2 increased to 10% in the PP30 and OPP25 packages at +4 °C, while at +1 °C it took 48 hours to reach that level. In the Xtend® packages, CO2 concentration increased above 10% only after the shelf life simulation. The environment in the PP30 and OPP25 packages became anaerobic in retail conditions. Fruit spoilage was significantly lower in the PP30 and OPP25 pack­ages, where the CO2 content increased rapidly. Raspberries had higher SSC, TA, SSC/TA and ACY at +4 °C than at +1 °C. Fruits in the Xtend® packages were significantly firmer than in the other treatments. The mean effect of MAP and the storage temperatures was such that they had no significant influence on raspberry fruit appearance, flavour and off- flavour. Raspberries kept at +4 °C tasted better to the evaluators.
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