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Using computerized tomography 7 human fetuses were examined, aging 24 to 39 weeks. Frontal sinus developes in the region of frontal recess of the frontal nasal meatus in a fetus aging 27 weeks. In the latter weeks of the fetal life the frontal recess of the middle nasal meatus transforms upwards into an oval thin-walled space corresponding to the developing frontal sinus. It adheres to the ethmoidal slabyrinth, integrating with it.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the styloid process (SP) length in the normal population using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Materials and methods: In this study, 160 patients who underwent paranasal MDCT between January 2012 and December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into groups according to their age and gender: Group 1 age 31–40 years old, 111 subjects; Group 2 age 41–50 years old, 49 subjects; Group A 98 males; Group B 62 females. The mean SP length was calculated from the mean of 2 measurements. SPs were assessed for their average lengths in different gender and age groups. Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of the mean SP lengths between the groups. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: The mean SP length on both sides varied from 18 to 51 mm (28.4 ± 5.5) in all the patients. The mean SP length was 27.2 ± 5.2 mm in females and 29.2 ± 5.6 mm in males. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean SP lengths in terms of gender (p < 0.028). The mean SP length was 28.5 ± 5.7 mm in Group 1 and 28.2 ± 5.1 mm in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean SP lengths in terms of age (p > 0.718). Conclusions: In conclusion, there is still no consensus on the normal values of SP length. Normal values should be determined according to the geographical regions and ethnic groups for the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 4: 318–321)
Reptiles are becoming increasingly popular animals in amateur husbandry in Poland and worldwide. The world literature, however, does not provide data on the actual causes of radiological and ultrasound consultations in certain groups of animals, including reptiles. The aim of the study was the analysis of causes and results of diagnostic imaging examinations. The study was based on the data of 75 lizards which were patients of the university diagnostic imaging service in the years 2006-2014. The most common clinical signs in those animals were visible body deformations (33.33%), loss of body weight (30.67%) and loss of appetite (26.67%). In cases in which a preliminary diagnosis had been made, the largest proportion of animals were referred with suspected post-traumatic changes (12%), dystocia (10.67%) and ileus (9.33%). In diagnostic imaging tests, musculoskeletal (29.33%) and coelomic abnormalities (40.33%) were most commonly confirmed. Coelomic changes affected mainly the liver, reproductive system and gastrointestinal tract. For the musculoskeletal system, the most frequently identified causes were the presence of post-traumatic changes, malformations of the vertebral column, as well as metabolic bone disease. Cardiorespiratory and urinary problems were observed only sporadically. In twenty-two animals (29.33%), radiographic and ultrasound examinations failed to establish a diagnosis. The results of this study provide valuable data on the cross-section of the most common problems leading to diagnostic imaging evaluation in lizards. This research demonstrates that, despite the growing popularity of exotic animals, most of the problems diagnosed in such animals still arise from inappropriate breeding and housing conditions. In most cases, diagnostic imaging provides valuable information, making it possible to implement further steps.
The studies were undertaken in order to analyse radiologically bone structures of the maxilla and mandibula, including the teeth in chinchillas that show pathological overgrowth of the incisor and molar teeth. The analysis included 10 sick and 10 healthy animals, whose skulls were post-mortem dissected and compared. The X-ray pictures were examined for significant elements of the bone structure: shape and saturation of incisor and molar teeth, shape, saturation, and thickness of cranial sutures, as well as the evenness of the intensity of the symptoms. The structure of the incisor teeth revealed excessive tissue mineralisation. The tooth canal was invisible, which may indicate fibrosis of the pulp. The cutting edges exhibited excessive mineralisation, which implied a lack of abrasion. The pulp growth cone was invisible. The shape of the upper incisor was altered and semicircular, this prevented contact between the edges of the opposing teeth. The surface structure of the molars was considerably saturated with invisible dental pulp, which may imply fibrosis. The roots of the teeth were distended and flask-like in shape, and considerably saturated. The visible excessive mineralisation in all the molar teeth implied a general process of osteosclerosis.
This paper constitutes a report of our experience in the assessment of left ventricle contraction using MRI (Philips 0,5T Gyroscan T5/II) and includes a suggestion of the study method directed towards establishing the role of different patterns of ventricle contraction in general ventricle function. In 29 patients, 22 men and 7 women, (average age 55.3) with history of myocardial infarction, electrocardiographically gated MR images encompassing the entire heart in the anatomic long and short axis planes were acquired. Significant positive correlations between long axis shortening and area length ejection fraction were found on four chamber view images: r = 0.605 at p<0.05 and on two chamber view images: r = 0.554 at p<0.05.
In 1987 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the British Society of Gastroenterology Sir Francis Avery-Jones (1) wrote (perhaps a little exaggerating) in his introductory remarks: “In 1937 the alimentary tract was invisible, impalpable and inaccessible-except the top and the bottom”. Indeed, diagnostics in gastroenterology was very weak and uncertain at the beginning and even in the middle of the last century. Endoscopy and radiology, developing first apart and then together revolutionized the diagnostics and consequently the practice in gastroenterology. Endoscopy brought a new access to operative procedures alleviating the burden of open surgery as well. The method, apart from knowledge, needs personal skills and so new problems of postgraduate education and ethics appeared. Due to the enormous progress in science and in technology it has reached the present level of accuracy. Polish gastroenterology with its early achievements in gastric secretion (Leon Popielski, histamine), abdominal surgery (Ludwik Rydygier, first gastric resection), endoscopy (Jan Mikulicz-Radecki) and later research upon the neuro-hormonal brain-gut axis (Stanis³aw J. Konturek) tried to keep pace with the world-wide progress in this field. The Polish contributions to the growing knowledge and improving practice may be traced from the very beginning of the 20th century.
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History of Polish gastrointestinal radiology

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As early as several days after the publication of the information concerning Roentgen's discovery the first radiological examinations were performed in Poland. The new method was immediately introduced into medical practice, including gastroenterology. In that pioneer period the most important works were those by Walery Jaworski who was the first man in the world to perform an X-ray of gall stones as well as the stomach with the use of a contrast medium. In its more-than-a-hundred-year history Polish gastrointestinal radiology has attempted not only to catch up with the world science, but it also has made a considerable contribution to its development.
Echinococcal infection is a consequence of accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs by humans. Liver scrutinises the initial haematogenous spread of portal blood and thus it is the most common organ involved. Isolated, primary involvement of other organs is a rarity. We describe a case of isolated orbital hydatid disease. To further add to the uniqueness of our case, two hydatid cysts were seen in our patient. The patient presented with unilateral proptosis with vision loss of the left eye since 6 months. Radiological imaging revealed two intraconal cystic lesions in the left eye. The chest radiography, abdominal sonogram and serology were negative for echinococcal disease. Surgical removal of the cysts was performed via lateral oribitotomy approach. Definitive diagnosis of Echinococcus was established on histopathology. The patient received post-operative albendazole therapy for 12 weeks. At 10 months’ follow-up there was no recurrence or evidence of hydatid disease elsewhere.
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