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The scale patterns of 6000 cones from one single tree of Pinus nigra Arn. have been examined. Apart from the main Fibonacci pattern with 8 and 13 parastichies, nine aberrant spiral patterns with Fibonacci-type sequences have been found. They are quite rare and occur with different frequencies. The parastichy quotient 8/13 of the prevalent pattern is very close to the golden ratio 0.618. In case of the black pine it appeared that the greater the deviation of the parastichy quotient m/n from 0.618, the rarer the pattern. Similar results obtained for the sample of 1506 cones collected from three individual trees of larch (Larix decidua Mill.) suggest a true correlation between the frequency of a pattern and the deviation of its parastichy quotient from the golden ratio.
The present qualitative and quantitative study on macrozoobenthos was conducted in 1998 in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea adjacent to the Słowinski National Park (SNP). The macrozoobenthos of this zone exhibited quantitative scarcity (12 species) and low content of the wet mass. More frequent were only Oligochaeta, Pygospio elegans, and Batyporeia pilosa. Because of a better specific diversity, density, and wet mass of the macrozoobenthos in the zone outside 1 nautical mile limit, the author suggests widening the proposed marine protected zone of the SNP giving it the status of marine Landscape Park up to 3 nautical miles.
The use of soybean in human and animal nutrition is limited because of high content of bioactive compounds: enzyme inhibitors, polyphenols, goitrogens, phytates, saponins, sugars, and agglutinins. The damage of intestinal mucosa structure was previously observed in animals fed soybean supplemented diets. Hence, the objectives of the presented study were to compare intensity of epithelium remodeling processes in different intestinal segments, and to evaluate the influence of the 1% of soybean dietary supplementation on the processes in intestinal mucosa. The experiment was performed on 30 Wistar rats fed AIN-93 based diets. Animals were divided randomly into three groups: control (CTRL), with 1% of raw soybean (RS) and with 1% of soaked and boiled soybean (BS). The samples of: duodenum (DUO), proximal jejunum (PROX), mid-jejunum (MID), distal-jejunum (DIST) and ileum (ILE) were collected. The following processes in these samples were evaluated: mitosis (Ki-67), apoptosis (Cpp32), autophagy (MAP I LC3) and DNA damage (p53). Present data show that modification of soybean by soaking and subsequent boiling markedly influences the enterocyte turnover in the small intestine mucosa. Increased mitotic ratio in the intestine of rats fed with boiled soybean masks the negative effects of soybean on the small intestine structure.
The extinct rabbits, Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930) and Hypolagus brachygnathus (Petényi, 1864) were the most abundant European representatives of Hypolagus (Leporidae, Archeolaginae). In Poland their fossil remains are known from rich accumulations filling karst forms of the Kraków-Wieluń Upland and Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Review of the Polish Plio-Pleistocene (Ruscinian to Biharian) material from seven localities and the description of new specimens from six localities are given. The history of research on the Central European Hypolagus is summarised and the emended differential diagnoses with synonymy are provided for each species, accompanied by descriptions of the type material. On the basis of over 11,000 specimens, the quantitative analysis (descriptive statistics and ANOVA), as well as the detailed study of tooth enamel pattern (P2 and p3 morphotype analysis) and the bone morphology were conducted, which enabled to assess the intra- and interspecific variability. H. beremendensis, the smaller and gracile species persisted from the Late Pliocene (MN 15, Węże 1 locality) to the earliest Pleistocene (Kamyk locality). In Kamyk it co-occurred with the larger, robust, and predominant H. brachygnathus, which survived in Poland until the end of the Biharian (Zalesiaki 1A locality). Palaeoecology and adaptations of both species and the possible causes of their extinction are discussed.
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