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Thirty three isolates of K. pneumoniae were studied. The strains were cultured from different clinical specimens received from patients hospitalised at a Neurosurgery Unit at the Dr Jurasz University Hospital in Bydgoszcz. Production of ESBL was assessed using double disk synergy test. The genomic DNA was extracted from the strains separated by PFGE after digesting with XbaI endonuclease. Production of ESBL was detected in 81.8% of K. pneumoniae isolates. Molecular typing results revealed a great genetic diversity among K. pneumoniae isolates. All repeated PFGE patterns were detected in 12 (36.3%) K. pneumoniae isolates.
A total 44 isolates of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) belonged to three different phage types (PTs) 9a, 13a, 25 were analyzed by the technique of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty and three strains were from two outbreaks (central and southern regions of the Slovak Republic PTs 13a, 25) and 11 isolates were sporadic isolates (PT9a). These isolates showed two different patterns in PFGE with Xbal digestion. Strains of PT13a generated PFP A and isolates of PT25 showed uniform PFP B. Nine sporadic isolates of PT9a belonged to PFP A and two isolates to PFP B. The PFPs A and B were differed by only two bands. The distribution of Xbal profiles did not corresponded with PTs. We conclude that the close genetic similarity observed between epidemiologically unrelated and outbreak-related isolates ofS. Enteritidis suggest clonal relationship of these isolates.
Cloning using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) can yield high quality genomic libraries, which are used for the physical mapping, identification and isolation of genes, and for gene sequencing. A BAC genomic library was constructed from high molecular weight DNA (HMW DNA) obtained from nuclei of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Borszczagowski; B10 line). The DNA was digested with the HindIII restriction enzyme and ligated into the pCC1BAC vector. The library consists of 34,560 BAC clones with an average insert size of 135 kb, and 12.7x genome coverage. Screening the library for chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA content indicated an exceptionally low 0.26% contamination with chloroplast DNA and 0.3% with mitochondrial DNA.
Since listeriosis, caused by Listeria monocytogenes, is one of the important concerns of public health in Europe related to foodborne zoonoses, an efficient protocol for isolate typing is necessary when performing epidemiological studies. Three standardized PFGE protocols available for L. monocytogenes were briefly reviewed. Since observing a poor-quality of ApaI pulsotypes in our laboratory, enzymes from three different manufacturers were compared. The obtained pulsotypes showed that restriction digestion with ApaI from New England BioLabs should be complemented with a subsequent overnight incubation of PFGE plugs in TE buffer for better performance.
The evolutionary transition from phenotypic to molecular analysis of infectious disease in bacterial epidemiology led to the search for suitable approaches to ascertain genomic relatedness or heterogeneity between bacterial clinical isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique was developed for separating and analyzing long DNA fragments of several megabases in alternating electric field. Comparison of electrophoresis profiles of restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA from bacterial isolates has proved to be a useful epidemiological tool for genetic discrimination of bacterial strains, detection of genetic relatedness, to locate the source of outbreak and to monitor the spread of the microorganisms in endemic zones. PFGE is considered as a gold standard method for typing of bacterial isolates because of the remarkable endurance of this technique as a typing method for the last 20 years in molecular epidemiology. In this current review the pros and cons of PFGE use in current molecular microbiological research are explored in the context of determination of genome organization of certain food-borne bacterial isolates causing infectious diseases in human beings.
Enterococcus faecalis represents recently an important etiological agent of health care-associated infections (HAIs) and there is a need for evaluation and comparison of typing methods available for this microorganism. We tested multilocus VNTR (variable-number tandem repeats) analysis (MLVA) on a well-characterized collection of 153 clinical isolates of E. faecalis, corresponding to 52 multilocus sequence types and 67 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. MLVA showed high discriminatory power, discerning 111 different types (diversity index equal 98.9%). The concordance MLVA/MLST and MLVA/PFGE was 0.95 and 0.74, respectively. High discriminatory power of MLVA indicates its utility for local epidemiology such as outbreak investigation, and for differentiation of clones defined by other methods.
Thirty nine canine S. pseudintermedius strains were examined for antibiotic susceptibility and genetic polymorphisms. All strains were methicillin-sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MSSP). Resistance to penicillin was most prevalent (66.6%), followed by resistance to neomycin (56.4%), erythromycin (53.8%), clindamycin (48.7%), chloramphenicol (48.7%), and tetracycline (46.2%). Pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) showed a high genetic polymorphism in the investigated strains.
In search of an effective DNA typing techniaue for Acinetobacter baumannii strains for hospital epidemiology use, the performance and convenience of a new target seauence was evaluated. Using known genomic seauences of Acinetobacter baumannii strains AR 319754 and ATCC 17978, we developed single-locus variable-number direct-repeat analysis using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (DR-PCR/RFLP) method. A total of 90 Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from patients of the Clinical Hospital in Bydgoszcz, Poland, were examined. Initially, all strains were typed using macrorestriction analysis of the chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (REA-PFGE). Digestion of the chromosomal DNA with the Apal endonuclease and separation of the fragments by PFGE revealed 21 uniaue types. Application of DR-PCR/RFLP resulted in recognition of 12 clusters. The results showed that the DR-PCR/RFLP method is less discriminatory than REA-PFGE, however, the novel genotyping method can be used as an alternative techniaue for generating DNA profiles in epidemiological studies of intra-species genetic relatedness of Acinetobacter baumannii strains.
The aim of the study was to identify and differentiate five strains isolated from fermented dairy products using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as PCR of internal transcribed spacer (ITS-PCR) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in reference to type strains. Results of species-specific PCRs showed that three strains belonged to the species of L. helveticus and two strains to the species of L. casei. Results obtained with both IST-PCR and PFGE method showed low diversity of the isolates since only three different ITS-PCR and PFGE profiles were obtained. Moreover, differentiation conducted merely with the PFGE method allowed distinguishing the type L. casei DSMZ20011, L. rhamnosus DSMZ20021 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei DSMZ5622 strains. Results of this study confirmed that, although time-consuming and expensive, the PFGE method was characterised by the highest discriminatory power in strain differentiation. The ITS-PCR method even though fast, easy and relatively inexpensive, showed to be more suitable for the pre-selection of strains.
Izolacja bakterii z danego środowiska może prowadzić do wielokrotnego pozyskania tego samego szczepu, co jest trudne do zweryfikowania tradycyjnymi metodami mikrobiologicznymi ze względu na ich niską siłę dyskryminacyjną. Dlatego do różnicowania szczepów Lactobacillus zastosowano metodę PFGE (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis; elektroforeza w polu pulsowym) i enzymy restrykcyjne Sma I, Apa I i Not I. Zróżnicowano 12 izolatów Lactobacillus pochodzących z mleka acidofilnego, napojów probiotycznych, serów i kultur mleczarskich oraz 4 szczepy referencyjne należące do gatunków L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus i L. helveticus. Przy użyciu enzymów Sma I oraz Apa I uzyskano 14 różnych wzorów restrykcyjnych, a identycznymi genotypami charakteryzowały się szczepy L. acidophilus 145 i L. acidophilus A (wyizolowane z kultur mleczarskich) oraz L. acidophilus La5 i L. acidophilus DSM 20079 (odpowiednio z mleka acidofilnego i szczep referencyjny pochodzący od człowieka). Przy użyciu restryktazy Not I uzyskano jedynie 12 unikatowych wzorów restrykcyjnych, lecz nie udało się rozróżnić szczepów L. acidophilus DSM 20079, L. acidophilus La5, L. acidophilus Bs i L. acidophilus K1, pomimo, że ich profile PFGE po trawieniu Sma I i Apa I były odmienne. W grupie 12 badanych izolatów stwierdzono 10 oryginalnych szczepów. Najwyższą siłą dyskryminacyjną charakteryzowały się enzymy Sma I i Apa I, a uzyskane przy ich użyciu wyniki świadczą o różnorodności szczepów stosowanych w produkcji mleczarskiej.
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiplex PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods were used for genotyping study of seventy-three L. monocytogenes isolates collected in Poland between 2000 and 2002 from human, food, environment and a diseased goat. The multiplex PCR, which is an alternative method to classical serotyping, divided the isolates into four PCR groups, IIa (42.5%), IIb (27.4%), IIc (4.1%) and IVb (26%). The isolates displayed 33 distinct PFGE profiles. Twenty eight strains were further characterised by MLST based on sequence analyses of seven housekeeping genes. The combined sequence analyses revealed a total of 10 different allelic profiles from which 3 were not described earlier. It is intended that results obtained in this study will be the first data of a national database of L. monocytogenes genotypes in Poland.
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