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The residues of fluvalinate accumulated in the wax promote the selection and development of Varroa jacobsoni resistance to fluvalinate activity. Probably Varroa jacobsoni will be resistant to other acaricidal synthetic pyrethroids (due to cross-resistance). The possibilities of using for honey-bee protection the inserted to hives strips, containing known pesticides, such as amitraz, malathion and bromfenvinphos, which have different, than synthetic pyretroids, mode of biological action, and which are suitable to overcome fluvalinate resistant mites were tested in Poland. The high varroacidal effectiveness of the strips with above mentioned pesticides during 6 weeks exposition was found. However, amitraz, at the concentration of 5% in PVC strip, was decomposed after 5 months of storage. Malathion at the same concentration is not quite safe for bees. The promising results with bromfenvinphos incorporated in PVC strip (5%), as well as in the form of microlayer (50-60 mg a.i.) on PE strip were obtained (the average varroacidal effectiveness achieved 99%). The dorsal bromfenvinphos apitoxicity LD50 was 7310 ng/bee.
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are constantly exposed to contact with many types of pathogens. However, during evolution they developed a number of immune mechanisms. At the individual level, they comprise 1) resistance mechanisms associated with anatomical and physiological barriers of the body, 2) cell-mediated immunity involving hemocytes (including plasmocytes, lamellocytes, and granulocytes), 3a) congenital humoral resistance related to the activity of lysozyme (N-acetylmuramylhydrolase), the prophenylooxidase system (ProPO) and hemagglutinins (lectins), and 3b) induced humoral resistence based on the action of antimicrobial peptides: apidicines, hymenoptecin, and defensins. In addition to the individual resistance of each bee, there is also a defense mechanism activated at the colony level. Shared secretion resistance is connected with the presence of antipathogenic compounds in secreta and in bee products. Social immunity is associated with hygienic and nursing behaviors, as well as with age polyethism in the colony, swarming (and the emergence of rebel workers), and the changing behavior of sick individuals. Many aspects and interactions between different types of resistance and immunity still remain unexplored. However, current research trends revolve around clarifying uncertainties so as to strengthen the natural resistance of bees and fight against pathogens that threaten the insects.
The honey bee has been known to man almost a dozen thousands of years ago or so. All peoples living along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the Arabian Peninsula and India bred bees, in specially constructed hives. Bees and honey are mentioned in every holy book. Beekeeping and honey are present in the mythologies, customs and rituals of most European cultures. The author puts much attention on bartnictwo, that is harvesting of the forest honey, the former method of obtaining honey. The author also discusses the uses of honey in Poland.
Basing on selected literature positions the biology and the methods of control of mites - parasites of honey bee: Acarapis woodi, Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae, have been concisely presented. T. clareae is known to occur on A. mellifera only in Asia and causes there important losses in apiaries. Also biology of a few mite species which are not parasites but live in bee hives or are pests of apiaries has been briefly presented. The following species belong to this group: Glycyphagus domesticus, Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyropagus longior, Carpoglyphus lactis. Of other mites presented in the paper, representatives of the genera Macrocheles and Neocypholaelaps should be mentioned as well as species associated generally with bumble bees and only accidentally found in bee families or directly on bees.
In the recent decade in Poland the number of honeybee hives decreased from 2.2 million to some 0.8 million. Despite efforts to improve the situation, this number is not likely to improve in near future. Consequently, it can be expected that breeding other valuable Polish bee species which are equally efficient in pollinating as the honeybee. The studies on loner bees have been gaining momentum and their significance is increasing. The authors indicate the importance of these bees as an element of intensification of agricultural and horticultural production, the most common bee species are also presented.
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