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The main function of the corpus luteum (CL) is progesterone (P4) production, a factor which regulates the estrous cycle and provides proper embryo and fetus development, the hormone that determines the efficiency of reproduction. Estrus synchronization is one of the basal methods applied in reproductive biotechnics. However, pharmacological manipulation of the estrous cycle may cause various CL dysfunctions, including abnormal P4 synthesis after superovulation or synchronization of the cycle. In the authors studies the influence of different methods of estrous synchronization (injection of PGF₂α analogues: dinoprost, cloprostenol and luprositiol; or gestagens treatment: norgestomet) on CL sensitivity to luteotropic factors (LH and PGE₂) was investigated. With the use of PGF₂α analogues the lower action of luteotropic factors on the CL function was demonstrated in the CL after estrus synchronization. Physiological CL sensitivity to the stimulation was observed in CL from the cows with norgestomet-synchronized cycles. The only effects of dinoprost on CL functioning in vitro were conferrable and similar to the natural PGF₂α action. Other PGF₂α analogues much more powerfully and differently influenced the cells/tissues of the bovine reproductive tract compared to natural PGF₂α action. Lower P4 production in the CL after hormonal manipulation may cause insufficient protection of the embryo by the CL products during the first critical pregnancy period and lead to the early termination of pregnancy.
It has been demonstrated recently that phytoestrogens (ekwol, para-ethyl-phenol and 17β-estradiol) modulate steroidogenesis and enhance luteolytic PGF₂α and cytokine action in bovine corpus luteum (CL). The regression of bovine CL is dependent on the appropriate contact between all the types of CL cells and induction of consecutive luteolysis mediators. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of phytoestrogens on the secretion of luteolytic mediators depending on cell type and cell-to-cell contact. The studies were conducted according to the earlier established cell coculture model, which allowed the studies of interactions between steroidogenic cells, endothelial cells and immune CL in vitro. As indicators of phytoestrogene actions during luteolysis the authors measured the levels of PGF₂α, leukotrien C₄ and stable nitric oxide metabolites (NO₂/NO₃) using immuno-enzymatical assays (EIA). Phytoestrogenes stimulated secretion of PGF₂α, LTC₄ and NO₂/NO₃ in steroidogenic cells (p < 0.05) at the highest level. Cell cultures in cocultures (in composition steroidogenic, endothelial, immune cells) did not influence the effect of phytoestrogens, which indicated that steroidogenic cells are the main target for phytoestrogen action within the bovine CL.
Due to a similar chemical structure to 17β-estradiol (E₂), phytoestrogens may inhibit or modulate endogenous estrogen action. Although the authors demonstrated that phytoestrogens did not influence basal progesterone (P4) secretion, nonetheless it simultaneously inhibited the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prostaglandin (PG) E₂ on P4 release in bovine corpus luteum (CL) in vitro. Since phytoestrogens are luteolytic factors in the late luteal stage (enhanced PGF₂α secretion in vitro and the level in plasma), these factors possibly also play some role in cytokine action (mediators of PGF₂α during luteolysis) in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of phytoestogen metabolites on the sensitivity of bovine corpus luteum cells on tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ and interleukin 1β action, by measuring the level of PGF₂α and stable metabolites of nitric oxide and by determining the viability of CL cells on day 15 of the estrous cycle. Phytoestrogens can increase functional luteolysis by enhancing PGF₂α and NO synthesis stimulated by cytokines. Moreover, phytoestrogens can modulate structural luteolysis by increasing the sensitivity of steroidogenic cells on the cytotoxic action of cytokines in bovine CL.
A new stage in the knowledge of the role of blood and lymphatic vessels of the broad ligament in the regulation of the estrous cycle is presented. Contrary to common opinion, recent studies have shown that the destination transfer of prostaglandins F₂α and E₂ from the uterus to the ovary, as a result of the local morphological adaptation of mesometrial and mesovarian vasculature, is realized principally by lymph and lymphatic vessels of the broad ligament. The retrograde transfer of both prostaglandins from uterine lymph and venous blood to the uterine arterial blood take place in mesometrium. During the luteal phase of the estrous cycle retrograde transferred PGF₂α together with progesterone delivered with blood constricts the mesometrial artery and considerably reduces the uterine blood supply. This temporary local ischemia initiates cyclic reconstruction of the endometrium and changes its secretary function. Retrograde transfer of PGE₂ together with estradiol and embryo signals dilates of the mesometrial arterial vessels and increases uterine blood supply. Moreover, retrograde transfer of PGF₂α prevents cyclic and early pregnant corpus luteum against luteolysis. This mechanism is especially important in the regulation of the early pregnancy.
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