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Content of the presented paper is to describe a consistent approach from planning to actual implementation of the production. This consistency is achieved by the sequence of decision-making levels of the appropriate information related flows. In the area of production systems can distinguish at least three basic levels (planning, scheduling and management).
The aim of the work is to present relation between the structure of farm organization, determined according to the economic system and the system of integrated production in a large-scale farm 2004–2011. The material for investigation originated from farm accounting data and from the charts of fields history. It was worked out with the use of vertical and horizontal analysis, as well as synthetic analysis 1st degree by B. Kopeć. Many- -year-lasting analysis proved that the farm maintained animal breeding – plant production, namely rape – bee, highly intensive system, which is friendly to the environment. The rules of integrated production have been followed by that farm for more than 10 years and they involve: combination of pesticide treatments with mineral fertilization, appropriate crop rotation, which improves soil richness, application of liming and organic fertilization on the area of more than 25% of arable land. The economic system allows to apply integrated production.
Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of the study was to identify the marketing system of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) traditionally used by producers in the provinces of Utcubamba and Bagua in the Amazonas region in Peru. Materials and methods: The study was conducted by means of the diagnostic survey method, using direct interviews with a specified population that consisted of 90 producers out of a total of 1239 affiliates grouped in 3 agricultural organizations. The study was developed in 2017. Results: The cocoa marketing system in the Amazonas region is related to the traditionally used forms and methods of production as well as to the agents involved in it. Conclusions: The cocoa marketing system identified in the provinces under study is a free market governed by laws of supply and demand with the sale of the product to intermediaries mainly in its fresh state and as raw material.
The objective of the study was to assess the effects of rearing space on growing pig’s behavior, performance and meat quality. 120 pigs were reared to slaughter at 14 weeks in restricted or spacious conditions. The restricted conditions were defined as intensive production system (slatted floors and minimum recommended space allowances) and the spacious conditions incorporated extra space (one of the main factors in organic animal husbandry). Rearing space influenced pig behavior. Observations showed that spacious conditions reduced the time spent inactively and time spent in harmful social and aggressive behavior. Growth rates were also higher for pigs in spacious pens (p < 0.001) and this led to heavier carcass weights (n.s.). Pigs from spacious conditions also had thicker backs (n.s.). The enrichment of conditions had a small but significant effect on meat quality. Pork from pigs reared in restricted conditions had lower pH 24 post mortem (p < 0.001), was less tender, and had poorer water holding capacity than pork from pigs reared in spacious pens (n.s.).
The actual yield of rice in Nigeria has not been able to reach its potential. Consequently, the cost of rice importation is alarming. However, rice yield varies under various production systems. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of yield gap in rainfed and irrigated rice production systems in Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross Margin Budgetary analysis, Stochastic Frontier, and Linear Regression Model were respectively used to estimate the profitability, technical efficiency, and determinants of yield gap in both production systems. The result shows that rice production is more profitable and efficient under the irrigated rice production system than the rainfed rice production system. It was also discovered that the significant determinants of yield gap in both production systems vary. However, the size of farm cultivated and the rice variety planted are common significant determinants of yield gap in both systems. This research therefore recommends that irrigation facilities and improved rice variety should be made available to farmers. Additionally, policy makers should formulate policies that would enable rice farmers to have access to larger farm lands.
In order to determine the effect of different production systems on muscle ultrastructure in meat-type chickens, we examined m. gastrocnemius and m. pectoralis superficialis in two lines of chickens (Anak Titan and Isa 215) raised in three different technological systems (indoors in a conventional facility, indoors with limited outdoor access and outdoors with an umbrella roof). Our previous study showed some abnormalities in the histological structure of these muscles. We hypothesized that electron microscopy, having a strategic position in muscle examination, would provide insight into changes in muscle tissue revealed by light microscopy. The results of the study indicate that the muscles examined undergo ultrastructural alterations regardless of the muscle type, chicken line and production system. The abnormalities observed in the present study were found to affect many aspects of fiber ultrastructure impairing function of the myofibrillar apparatus – the structure of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, defects of the sarcolemma as well as the appearance of remnants resulting from fiber disintegration. Abnormal responses were found primarily in myofibrils and mitochondria, and – to a lesser extent – in other structures of muscle fibers. We suggest that the majority of the changes observed may lead to muscle damage followed by pathology. The severity of these changes was particularly evident in the muscles of chickens of the Isa 215 line (highly selected) kept outdoors with an umbrella roof. The observations point to a dependence of the above changes on the line of chickens and rearing conditions. Therefore, the limited potential of highly selected broilers to adapt to different environmental conditions should be taken into account while selecting a new production technology.
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