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The paper presents results of analysis of the organizational and production changes occurring in Polish agriculture with concern of regions, and the assessment of potential effects of its influence on the environment with the use of standard agri-environmental indicators. The trends of changes in grounds exploitation, sown areas, animals stocking density and population, mineral fertilization, and gross nitrogen balance for Poland have been determined. The analysis included middle-term perspective of years 2000-2012. The changes occurring in particular regions have been compared in the period of time between 2002-2004 and 2010-2012. It has been established that existing natural factors, but mainly organizational and economic, significantly affect the changes occurring in agricultural sector leading to increasingly developing polarization, production specialization and concentration. The consequences of occurring processes are, regionally diversified, changes of standard agri-environmental indicators, implicating differential strength (pressure) of agricultural activity effects on the environment. The changes may have positive as well as negative consequences for the further working of the sector. There is an onward extensification of organization and agricultural production in the south-eastern provinces. The provinces’ levels of macro components consumption in mineral fertilizers, as well as animals stocking density in livestock buildings, are often twofold. There is an extensification of organization with simultaneous increase in its intensity in livestock production. The consequence of the organization extensification and its simultaneous increase is extension of environmental pressure on the areas of high concentration of livestock production (the Kuyavia-Pomerania, the Łódź and the Wielkopolska provinces) prominent in unbeneficial changes of agri-environmental indicators (e.g. nitrogen balance) resulting in i.a. deterioration in the quality of surface and ground water.
Subject and purpose of work: Agricultural production activity brings about specific environmental effects. The aim of the study was to analyse changes in agricultural production in regions of Poland (NUTS-2) in the context of environmental impact using the gross nitrogen balance. Materials and methods: The analysis covered the medium-term perspective of 2001-2016. The primary source of information was statistical data of the Polish Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny - GUS). Results: During the 2002-2004 period, the balance of gross nitrogen balance in Poland did not change and amounted to an average of 47.5 kg N∙ha-1 UAA (Utilized Agricultural Area). The progressive extensification of plant production in the following provinces: Slaskie, Malopolskie, Podkarpackie and Swietokrzyskie, is accompanied by a rapid reduction in the stocking density of livestock. Conclusions: The nitrogen balance, highly differentiated regionally, just as its individual elements, show the potential differentiation scale of the agricultural impact on the state of the environment. Very high balance surpluses occurring in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie and Wielkopolskie provinces may indicate high environmental pressure from the agricultural production.
In the paper there was presented an issue of the law of diminishing returns in agriculture. It was shown, that despite its general character, it is impossible to satisfactorily explain issues of input´s transformation into output in a farming process in agriculture.
The main directions of changes concerning individual farms of the Olsztyn province, taking place in the years 1980-1993, are presented in the paper. Special emphasis was put on the process of individual farm adaptation to the free market requirements during several years. The changes in the land possession structure, plant and animal production, consumption of production moans and purchase of agricultural products were analysed. A tendency to wait, until the difficult period is over as well as to postpone all risky - from the economic perspective - decisions prevailed among individual farmera. However, the contact between the Polish agricultural system and a free market economy is expected to cause numerous advantageous changes in attitudes of individual farmers towards management efficiency.
W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę określenia wpływu wykorzystania produktów pochodzenia roślinnego w produkcji zwierzęcej na popyt na produkty roślinne, stanowiące podstawowe komponenty do produkcji mieszanek paszowych. Zagadnienie to zostało zaprezentowane na przykładzie chowu krów mlecznych w Polsce.
The paper presents the results of research being conducted at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy on the regional differentiation of agriculture in Poland. It was found advisable to carry out analyses that would include many aspects. The possibilities to use the results to support decisions related to development of Polish agriculture in various regions of the country were given.
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