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The aim of the presented study was to assess the exposure of poultry workers to airborne microorganisms, endotoxins and β-glucans during different stages of the chicken production cycle in 3 commercially-operated poultry houses. Personal and stationary sampling was carried out to assess exposure to both viable and total microbial aerosols. The stationary measurements of PM10 were performed to establish the level of endotoxins and β-glucans. The concentrations of bacterial and fungal aerosols ranged from 2.5×102 CFU/m3 – 2.9×106 CFU/m3, and from 1.8×102 CFU/m3 – 1.8×105 CFU/m3, respectively. The number of culturable microorganisms was significantly lower than their total counts, constituting from 0.0004% – 6.4% of the total microbial flora. The level of PM10 in poultry facilities did not exceed 4.5 mg/m3. After the flock entered the clean house, the level of endotoxins and β-glucans increased from below detection limit to 8,364 ng/m3 and from 0.8 ng/m3 to 6,886 ng/m3, respectively. The presented study shows that professional activities in poultry farms are associated with constant exposure to bioaerosol, which may pose a health hazard to workers. It was found that workers’ exposure to airborne microorganisms increased with consecutive stages of the chicken production cycle.
The aim of our study was to observe the contents of nitrates and nitrites during the six stages of manufacture of Edam cheese. Samples were taken of raw milk, of pasteurized milk, of milk with nitrates added, of pressed cheese curd, of whey, of ripening cheese and the final product. The samples were drawn from a commercial operation in cheese factory in the eastern part of Slovakia. The mean natura NaNO₂ content in raw and pasteurized milk was 0.10 and 0.13 mg/kg, respectively. The mean natural NaNO₃ content in raw and pasteurized milk was 0.60 and 0.66 mg/kg, respectively. In milk with nitrate added the mean content was 96.58 mg/kg NaNO₃; the maximum value being 105.54 mg/kg NaNO₃. After pressing, the mean value of nitrate was found to be 15.45 mg/kg NaNO₃. A considerable quantity of nitrates passed into the whey, where the mean nitrate content was 76.58 mg/kg NaNO₃. The final product had a markedly decreased content of nitrates (1.69 mg/kg NaNO₃) and nitrites (0.61 mg/kg NaNO₂) when compared with the values in cheese during maturation (7.92 mg/kg NaNO₃ and 1.69 mg/kg NaNO₂).
The study investigates the chemotherapeutic effect of plant growth regulators in eradicating mixed infection with Cymbidium mosaic (CyMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot viruses (ORSV) from Cattleya schönbrunnensis x C. leopoldii gutata. The experiment was designed to test a range of concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin and zeatin added to the basal medium on proliferating Cattleya mericlones. The results indicate that to eliminate CyMV from tissue cultures the best protocol for adding plant growth regulators was induction with 3.2 mg l-1 kinetin added to modified MS medium and then further propagation on 0.2 mg l-1 zeatin. This treatment was advantageous in terms of micropropagation. Micropropagation on basal medium supplemented with 5.0 mg l-1 BA after induction with 0.5 mg l-1 zeatin also effectively eliminated CyMV from cultures of the Cattleya hybrid. Infection with ORSV virus persisted in all treatments.
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