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The experimental material consisted of 42 sows divided into 3 feeding groups, each containing 14 sows fed complete compound feed varying in protein content. Protein and amino acid content of the feed fed to the control group was in compliance with Polish standards. Protein content in the experimental groups was reduced by 10% and 20%, respectively. At the same time, lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophane content was supplemented to the level of the control group. All pregnant and lactating sows were fed individually. The condition of the sows was determined by measuring the thickness of backfat at the P2 position on days 30 and 105 of pregnancy and on day 25 of lactation. The data analyzed in the study included: the total number of piglets born, their body weight gain, milk composition, weaning-to-estrus interval and the farrowing rate. Protein content of the compound feed did not have a significant impact on the increment in backfat during pregnancy and losses during lactation. The sows fed compound feed with reduced protein content gave birth to 0.7 and 0.6 less piglets per litter than the control animals. However, due to lower losses, they bred 0.3 and 0.4 more piglets than the control sows. Average body weight of a piglet on day 21 was 0.5 kg lower in the experimental than in the control group. Dry matter, protein, fat and lactose content of the sow’s milk did not depend on protein content of the feed. The weaning-to-estrus interval in the experimental groups was one day longer than in the control group. The reproductive rate accounted for 86% and was comparable in all the groups.
Целью настоящего труда была оценка эффективности 5 видов вакйин изготовляемых на базе местного энтеротоксичного серотина Е. coli (Мун 987) в борьбе с колибактериозом сосущим поросят. Вакцинации подвергали 3 группы супоросных свиноматок (по 10 голов), применяя инактивированные вакцины перорально и подкожно, а жизнеспособную вакцину перорально. Потомство указанных свиноматок заражали непосредственно после рождения штаммом Мун 1413, имеющим только один общий компонент со штаммом Мун 987 - фимбриальный антиген. Установлено, что иммунизация супоросных свиноматок вакцинами изготовленными на базе местных фимбриальных энтеротоксичных штаммов Е. coli хранит их потомсто против болезни. Она приводит также к лучшему росту поросят на 1-ой неделе жизни и позволяет сократить период предродовой акклиматизации супоросных свиноматок. Установлено, что наиболее эффективно действует вакцина содержащая живые бактерии подаваемая перорально и инактивированная вакцина подаваемая подкожно.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anatomo- and histopathological lesions in internal organs of sows and their stillborn piglets after experimental Y. enterocolitica infection in different phases of pregnancy. Twelve pregnant sows were divided into 4 groups, infected per os on 33 (n=3), 54 (n=3) and 89 (n=3) day of pregnancy with the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strain isolated from the aborted swine fetus, and uninfected control group. Histopathological examinations of internal organs and intestine samples of stillborn piglets, slaughtered sows and samples of placentas were performed. Anatomo- and histopathological lesions were the most intense in the group of sows infected in the final phase of pregnancy, where the highest number of stillborn piglets was also found. Lesions of internal organs in stillborn piglets suggested a severe generalized bacterial infection. Although the analysis of experimental Y. enterocolitica infection of pregnant sows revealed that the most intense clinical, anatomopathological and histopathological abnormalities were recorded in the group of animals infected in the final phase of pregnancy. Infection in the first phase of pregnancy could have had an influence on the formation of the granulomatous inflammation. Differences in anatomopathological lesions between infected and control animals suggest that the period of pregnancy in which the infection appears could have had an influence on the course of yersiniosis in pigs.
The aim of this study was to establish the influence of α-ketoglutarate (AKG), administered to pregnant sows from the 91st d of pregnancy to farrowing, and then to piglets from birth to the 30th d of life, on lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity, serum total protein content, and the WBC counts in blood of piglets, at the age of the 14th and 30th d of their postnatal life. The sows were treated per os with AKG at the dosage of 0.4 g/kg b.w. every day, whereas those of the controls were given saline. Piglets born by sows treated with AKG were divided into two groups: the first group was administered orally saline (AKG/PhS group) and the second group received orally AKG at the dosage of 0.4 g/kg b.w./d (AKG/AKG group), during 30 d of their postnatal life. Administration of AKG to sows during pregnancy increased lysozyme activity in piglets at the age of the 30th d, which reached the value 7.07 mg/L, while that in the controls was 3.90 mg/L. Ceruloplasmin activity decreased during the first 14 d of life in piglets that received AKG as a continuation of the prenatal procedure. At the age of 14 d, ceruloplasmin activity decreased to 90.96 IU/L in comparison with the 117.95 IU/L of the controls, while the level of total protein was higher (71.83 g/L) than that of the controls (64.23 g/L). There is still limited information about the relationship between exposure to AKG during foetal, and/or early postnatal life and altered postnatal immune function in piglets.
In the present study, the effect of stimulation of pregnant sows with isoprinozine or levamisole on parameters of unspecific immunity in piglets during first weeks of their life were examined. The investigations were carried out on three pregnant sows and their progeny. All the sows were clinically healthy and they were not vaccinated before the experiment. The first animal was given 10% solution of isoprinozine (Polfa Grodzisk), intramuscularly, three times with 7-day intervals at a dose of 75 mg/kg b.w. The second sow was injected with a water solution of levamisole, subcutaneously, at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg b. w. using identical time intervals. The third untreated sow served as a control. The first injections of the immunostimulators were performed three weeks before the parturition. Blood collected from piglets before administration of the first dose of colostrum, 48 h after giving them colostrum and then on the 7th, 14th, 21st , 28th, 35th and 42nd days of life was hemato- logically investigated. Following tests were performed on a whole blood or blood serum: reduction of NBT, phagocytic index, test of intracellular killing of neutrophils, total protein content and y-globulin complex, bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme, level of immunoglobulin of the IgG class. It was found that immunostimulation of the pregnant sows with isoprinozine or levamisole activated unspecific protective cellular immune mechanisms of newborn piglets. This activation was manifested by an increased activity of polymorphonuclear reduction cells (PMN) to NBT, the growth of phagocytic index and significantly higher bactericidal activity of neutrophils. Moreover, in the progeny of the sow treated with levamisole, the activity of serum lysozyme was significantly augmented.
Effect of dietary arginine supplementation on body weight changes and productivity of sows.The objective of this study was to determine whether provision of additional arginine to pregnant and lactating sows could influence body weight changes in females during reproductive cycle as well as reproductive and rearing performance of the piglets. The study included 36 F1 crossbred sows (Polish Landrace ´Polish Large White), including 12 primiparous and 24 multiparous sows, which after insemination were randomly allocated to experimental group E (6 primiparous – P and 12 multiparous – M) and control group C (6 P and 12 M). Sows from both groups received complete diets, which were fed to meet requirements. Sows from group E were supplemented with amino acid (L-arginine 98%) at 0.3 kg/ton for pregnant sows (from 4 weeks after insemination) and at 0.5 kg/ton for lactating sows. C sows were not supplemented. Feeding group (C, E) had a significant effect on sow body weight at weaning (P ≤0.01), while lactation (P, M) had a significant effect on sow body weight at mating and weaning, and also on body weight change during the weaning-to-mating period (P ≤0.01). The number of piglets born to primiparous sows from group E vs C was higher by 1.3 piglets (11.11%) (P >0.05). 28-day-old weaned piglets, reared by primiparous sows, were significantly heavier than the progeny of multiparous sows (P ≤0.01), by 0.76 kg/animal (10.08%) in group C and by 0.97 kg/animal (12.63%) in group E. Piglets from group E vs C were heavier at weaning by 0.35 kg (4.22%) when born to primiparous sows, and by 0.14 kg (1.86%) when born to multiparous sows. No group ´lactation interaction has been shown for any of the parameters studied. It seems appropriate to supplement pregnant and nursing primiparous sows with dietary arginine.
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