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The helium, apparent, and bulk densities were determined for ten types of starch. On the hasis of the results obtained, the porosity and volume of opened pores in starch granules and starch beds were calculated. The highest values for porosity and total volume of opened pores were characteristic of oat and tapioca starches, whereas triticale, rye and potato starches had these values the lowest. In the case of wheat and potato starches, the porosity of the closed type was shown.
The nonlinear, pseudo-periodic current of potassium ions through a high conductance locust K+ channel (BK channel) has been modelled by a two-parameter logistic map (“crowd model”). Data obtained by the patch clamp for different values of potential difference has been correlated with a mechanism of transport incorporating dynamical structure and morphology of pores in a membrane. The ordering influence of applied voltage upon ionic current behaviour has been found and explained within the “crowd model”.
Corn and potato starches were physically modified by heating at 130 and 200°C or microwaving. On a basis of the results obtained it was found that upon heating or microwaving the content of amylose decreased and the reduction capacity increased for most of the modified starch preparations and all the preparations had an increased swelling capacity and water solubility. The greatest changes were observed for the preparations heated at 200°C, irrespective of starch. Microwave radiation caused slighlty smaller changes in the properties of starches. In the case of the preparations from potato starch it was observed a considerable increase in specific surface area of granules, an increase in volume of mesopores, and a decrease in their average diameter. The changes in these values were small in the preparations from corn starch.
Movement of ions, water and non-electrolytes has been measured through narrow pores etched in polyethyleneterephthalate (PETP) membranes previously ‘tracked’ by bombardment with heavy ions. Pore size estimated from flow of water, ions and non-electrolytes is in reasonable agreement with that obtained by a polymer exclusion assay. Flow of ions through narrow pores exhibits characteristic features: i) rapid switching between high- and low- conducting states; ii) selectivity between different ions; iii) inhibition by protons or divalent cations with order of efficacy H+>Zn2+>Ca2+>Mg2+. Ion current and selectivity are reduced when the carboxyl groups lining the pore are methylated. The characteristic features of ion flow in narrow pores arise from the nature of the flow of ions close to a surface bearing fixed charges of the opposite sign.
The physical properties of granular loose materials depend on their internal structure, which can he regarded as the geometry of solid particles in spacc. The purpose of thise paper is to find the method for solid phase reconstruction of the granular medium and then to describe a created structure of pores and solid particles. Packing simulation procedure has been elaborated lo find ihe geometry of a virtual solid grain body. The particle shape has been approximated by means of a sphere. The grain size distribution converted to the number proportions in the classes and the porosity of the investigated body are the input data. The representative volume and the disordered character of the virtual structure have been examined via 3D- and 2D porosities analysis. It was found that the packing procedure can create the structures of such grain size distributions where the ratio of left and right diameter limits is < 30. The above limitations follow from the software (Pascal) and hardware (486 and Pentium) used for the investigation. The concept of a single 2D- and 3D- pores has been proposed. The single 3D-pore is a part of spacc limited by 4 particle surfaces and 4 nceks., while 2D-one is determined by 3-cross-sectioned particles and 3 necks. Such tesselation allowed to divide the medium space (or area) on a set of tetrahedrons (or triangles) which fill this space coherently. Bach tetrahedron (triangle) contains one 3D- (or 2D-) pore. It was found that maximum contact number of the particle in monosize grain medium can be described by a square function where the argument is the ratio of the radii of both: the investigated and the monosize particlcs. The knowledge of the parameters and connectivity of the pores in the network allowed for the determination of the moisture retention curve for some sands and sandy loam body. Several approaches have been presented which differ from each other by dimension of the body (2D and 3D), mechanism of the pore drainage (independent of the slate of the neighbours or dependent on it), type of the formula for neck radius determination. The best correlations with the experiment data were found for 2D where the drying of the pore has been assumed to be independent of the state of the neighbour pores and when the lens water is taken into consideration. It was suggested that moisture retention is dependent on the geometry of sample used for the measurement. The comparison of the compatible 2D and 3D pore estimators distributions shows that they are not equal: the 2D- is wider than 3D, The stereological interpretation of the notieed differenecs explaining this relation was proposed. Key words: grain size distribution, packing simulation, grain mierostuclure, pore modeling, pore size distribution, stereology, moisture retention.
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