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The aim of this study was to make an evaluation of the current stands of a relict species, Salix lapponum, within the area of the Polesie National Park, to determine the population size and condition of downy willow as well as to analyse biocenotic conditions in its stands. The study, conducted in the years 2001–2003, allowed to establish that the number of S. lapponum stands had decreased significantly and that its population size in the confirmed stands in the Polesie National Park was substantially lower than 50 years ago. Salix lapponum was a component of different phytocoenoses, but its highest population size and a high degree of development were noted at the sites with the Betulo-Salicetum repentis and Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum communities. The character of the phytocoenoses in which Salix lapponum occurred in greatest numbers may evidence the wide range of tolerance of downy willow with respect to habitat conditions. There is a probability that not only the changes in its habitat conditions, which were noted over the last half-century, had a significant effect on the reduction in the number of stands and in the population size of this species. An essential problem appears to be the fact of the absence of flowering in individuals in many of the studied populations, which may result in an insufficient degree of adaptation of S. lapponum to changing habitat conditions.
The precision of insect number determination in forest litter using a method, in which the sample element comprised 10 plots of 0.5 m2 each, was compared with that of the method, in which the sample element consisted of one plot of 5 m2. Investigations were conducted in four pine stands aged 59-80 years. The number of cocoons of Diprioninae found in the litter was counted. It was found that the precision of the compared methods was very low at a slight density of cocoons and it increased with an increase in their density. It would not be justified to say that the two compared methods of measurement for sawfly cocoon density differ in terms of their precision.
A change of B-chromosome frequencies in the population of Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) from Cer mountain in Yugoslavia was studied. Five samples were collected during 1989. Specimens with Bs were present in all samples with frequencies ranging from 0.22 to 0.39. Differences between frequencies of animals with Bs in successive samples were not statistically significant. The change in the population size (n) was positively correlated with variation in frequency of animals with Bs (rp = 0.81), but negatively with frequency of Bs per B carrying animals (rp = -0.65). A analysis of variance of external body measures and some cranial characters showed no significant differences between animals with and without Bs.
Quantitative scores for 4 behavioural patterns, especially those of an antagonistic nature, were recorded from wild individual of Mus musculus mutsculus Linnaeus, 1758 living in semi-confinement in an outdoor enclosure divided into four pens. The enclosure was "permeable", in that mice were able to move between pens and between the enclosure and the outside. The population was monitored by the capture-mark­-recapture method. In the spring of 1988 and 1989 the behaviour of mice trapped in the enclosure was studied in unisexual encounters in a neutral arena. There were no significant differences in scores for behaviour in relation to the degree of spatial separation of the places of capture of individuals paired together (except in the number of attempts to escape noted for females in 1989 and the total activity noted for males in 1988). Males and females did not differ significantly in scores for aggressive behaviour, but mice were more aggressive and more active in 1989 when the popu­lation in the enclosure was smaller, than in 1988, when it was larger.
The aim of the work was to analyze the changes in the population of Sus scrofa L. in the selected voivodeships in Poland in the years 2000-2011 and to determine their direction, with consideration of hunting and level of utilization. The data for analysis were obtained from Research Station of the Polish Hunting Association (PZŁ) in Czempiń. There was found the increase in population of wild boar in hunting season 2011/2012 vs. 2000/2011, including the highest one in the Świętokrzyskie Province (256%) and Małopolska Province (264%) with the simultaneous high rise in hunting (250% and 413%, respectively). The concentration of wild boar population in 6 examined voivodeships, irrespectively of basic size of the population (level of population in season 2000/2001 in the voivodeships from group I (>10 thousand heads) and group II (<1.5 thousand heads) was increased. A moderate level of population utilization occurred to be insufficient what caused a constant progression of the population number in the studies voivodeships in the years 2000-2011.
Viola uliginosa Besser is a European species mainly known from the Baltic Region. It is endangered in a significant part of its range. Research carried out in the southeastern part of Poland led to the discovery of numerous sites of Viola uliginosa. Fourteen new localities of this species were found in the area of the Kotlina Sandomierska basin. This paper presents information concerning the localization of all new sites, the abundance of Viola uliginosa at the sites and habitats this species occupies. A discussion regarding the endangered status of this species in the Polish flora is given.
The aim of the study was to test whether the methods using the playback technique produce accurate data of population size when compared to the standard mapping and nest-searching methods. The three-visit method with audio-stimulation was found to produce data of the same accuracy (100%, n = 11 territories) as the standard mapping method, but the nest-searching method ahd single-visit with audio-stimulation yielded slightly lower estimates, 91% and 82% respectively, in comparison to the previously mentioned methods. However, the three-visit method with audio-stimulation was 2.2 times less time consuming than the five visits which used the standard mapping method (9h vs 20h). The three-visit method with audio stimulation could be appropriate for assessing distribution and abundance, and also for monitoring purposes.
Spotted souslik is one of the most endangered mammal species in Poland. Over the last few decades of the 20th century its population gradually decreased due to the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors: degradation of species habitats and reduction of their acreage. The aim of the study is to examine changes in the population of spotted souslik in eastern Poland, against threats to the species and implemented conservation measures. In the last decade, their population has achieved relative stability. However, despite similar population, the changes of individuals in particular colonies are very significant. Populations of several hundred individuals in favourable habitats were able to increase their numbers, even to the limits of the habitat capacity, and maintain it. Dynamic growth of the artificially created population (Świdnik) has led to overcrowding the colony, which resulted in its total collapse. On the other hand, small populations even in good habitat conditions are not able to recreate.
The number of Adonis vernalis populations, their size and abundance in xerothermic communities of the Lublin Upland have decreased signifi cantly in the last 40–50 years, which indicates that there is a real risk of species extinction in the studied area. The paper is an attempt to indicate the possible factors which infl uence the decrease of Adonis vernalis populations. Detailed studies were carried out in six sites differing habitat conditions, land use and the size of Adonis vernalis populations. Observations were made of the abundance of blooming and the number of anthers per fl ower. The ability for reproduction was estimated indirectly by the mass of pollen delivered and its biological value. The populations of Adonis vernalis differ in number of anthers per fl ower (94.4 – 131.5, on average), the mass of pollen delivered (0.83 mg – 3.18 mg per 100 anthers, on average), the biological value of pollen and the size of pollen grains. Generally, stronger populations were characterized by better quality and a higher quantity of pollen. Potential energy of pollen in fl owers from Pliszczyn and Łabunie was 69–72%, compared to 36%–47% in the remaining populations. Grass burning did not cause a reduction of potential biological value of Adonis vernalis pollen. Xerothermic swards in Pliszczyn and Kąty regularly burnt developed strong, most abundant populations of Adonis vernalis with favorable pollen. The development of the shrub layer, if it is out of control, stands in the way of satisfactory reproduction of halophilous Adonis vernalis.
Analysis of changes in population size can be severely biased when factors related to the acquisition of data, such as differences between observer experience and changes through time in the ability of individual observers to detect animals, are not controlled for. We analysed the effect of observer qualification on the number of groups and individuals observed during two census days of a mouflonOvis gmelini musimon xOvis sp. population. The difference between professional wildlife biologists and volunteers was strong during the census day one (87 groups and 410 mouflons vs 55 and 249 by experienced observers and volunteers, respectively) but decreased significantly on the second day for the number of animals detected (390 vs 292 mouflons by experienced observers and volunteers, respectively). Our result indicates that additional training will enhance reliability of data obtained from volunteers. Given the effect of observer qualification on performance during the census, we recommend to use observers of similar and adequate qualification in population counts.
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