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Superoxide anion is produced in human platelets predominantly by Nox2-dependent NADPH oxidases. In vitro experiments have shown that it might play a role in modulating platelet functions. The relationship between platelet superoxide production and aggregation remains poorly defined. Accordingly, we aimed to study superoxide production and aggregation in platelets from subjects with significant cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus) and from control individuals. Moreover, we studied the effects of novel polyphenol-rich extracts of Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) berries on platelet function in vitro. Superoxide production was significantly increased in patients with cardiovascular risk profile when compared to controls, while platelet aggregation in response to either collagen or thrombin were borderline higher, and did not reach statistical significance. Interestingly, no relationship was observed between platelet aggregation ex vivo and platelet superoxide production in either of studied groups. No correlation was found between endothelial function (measured by FMD) and platelet aggregation ex vivo either. Polyphenol-rich extracts of A. melanocarpa berries caused a significant concentration dependent decrease in superoxide production only in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, while no effect was observed in the control group. A. melanocarpa extracts abolished the difference in superoxide production between risk factor patients and controls. A. melanocarpa extracts exerted significant concentration dependent anti-aggregatory effects in both studied groups, which indicated that these effects may be independent of it’s ability to modulate superoxide production. The anti-aggregatory effects of chokeberry extracts were similar irrespective of aggregation inducing agent (collagen or thrombin). Moreover, they appear to be independent of platelet NO release as NOS inhibition by L-NAME did not lead to their abrogation. Platelet superoxide production is increased in subjects with cardiovascular risk factor profile, which may precede changes in platelet aggregation itself. Novel polyphenol rich extracts of A. melanocarpa berries exert significant anti-platelet effects ex vivo.
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In retrospect, basic research in the fields of NO and cyclic GMP during thev past two decades appears to have followed a logical course beginning with the findings that NO and cyclic GMP are vascular smooth muscle relaxants, that nitroglycerin relaxes smooth muscle by metabolism to NO, progressing to the discovery that mammalian cells synthesize NO, and finally the revelation that NO is a neurotransmitter mediating vasodilation in specialized vascular beds. A great deal of basic and clinical research on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NO in cardiovascular function has been conducted since the discovery that EDRF is NO. The new knowledge on NO should enable investigators in this field to develop novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of numerous cardiovascular disorders. Since NO elicits a protective and beneficial action in many disease states, novel NO donor drugs for clinical use should prove to be very effective drugs for the treatment of essential hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, vascular complications of diabetes, impotency and other disorders involving the vascular system.
ε-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is a synthetic low molecular drug with antifibrinolytic activity. However, treatment with this drug can be incidentally associated with an in­creased thrombotic tendency. The aim of the present work was to test synthetic EACA derivatives for their antiplatelet activities. We investigated the effect of three EACA derivatives with antifibrinolytic activity: I. ε-aminocaproyl-L-leucine hydro­chloride (HCl*H-EACA-L-Leu-OH), II. ε-aminocaproyl-L-(S-benzyl)-cysteine hydrochlo­ride (HCl*H-EACA-L-Cys(S-Bzl)-OH) and III. ε-aminocaproyl-L-norleucine (H-EACA-L-Nle-OH) on platelet responses (aggregation and adhesion) and on their in­tegrity. It was found that: 1. as judged by LDH release test, none of the tested com­pounds, up to 20 mM, was toxic to platelets, 2. in comparison with EACA, all the syn­thetic derivatives inhibited much stronger the ADP- and collagen-induced aggrega­tion of platelets suspended in plasma (platelet rich plasma) and aggregation of these cells in whole blood, 3. EACA and its derivatives exerted a similar inhibitory effect on the thrombin-induced adhesion of platelets to fibrinogen-coated surfaces. Since platelet activation and blood coagulation are tightly associated processes, the antiplatelet properties of EACA derivatives are expected to indicate reduced throm- botic properties of these derivatives compared to EACA.
 To develop a more potent antithrombin agent with thrombolytic and antiplatelet properties, a new staphylokinase (SAK) variant was constructed. The kringle 2 domain (K2) of tissue type-plasminogen activator (t-PA) containing a fibrin-specific binding site (i), the RGD sequence (Arg-Gly-Asp) for the prevention of platelet aggregation (ii) and the antithrombotic agent - hirulog (iii) was assembled to the C-terminal part of recombinant staphylokinase (r-SAK). cDNA for the hybrid protein SAK-RGD-K2-Hirul was cloned into Pichia pastoris pPIC9K yeast expression vector. The introduction of K2 t-PA, the RGD sequence and hirulog into the C-terminus of r-SAK did not alter the staphylokinase activity. We observed a higher clot lysis potency of SAK-RGD-K2-Hirul as evidenced by a faster and more profound lysis of 125I-labeled human fibrin clots. The potency of thrombin inhibition by the hirulog C-terminal part of the recombinant fusion protein was almost identical to that of r-Hir alone. These results suggest that the SAK-RGD-K2-Hirul construct can be a more potent and faster-acting thrombolytic agent with better antithrombin and antiplatelet properties compared to r-SAK and SAK-RGD-K2-Hir.
W 18 spośród 26 badanych napojów alkoholowych występują związki chemiczne hamujące agregację płytek i refrakcję skrzepu krwi oraz upośledzające lub zwiększające zużycie protrombiny.
Z 26 napojów alkoholowych (piwa, wina, wódki, koniaki) metodą destylacji próżniowej otrzymano destylat i pozostałość podestylacyjną. W napojach niedestylowanych i ich frakcjach oznaczono zawartość etanolu, pH, suchą masę i popiół.
Określono wpływ 26 napojów alkoholowych, ich destylatów i pozostałości podestylacyjnej na aktywację protrombiny w systemie zewnątrzpochodnym i wewnątrzpochodnym oraz na aktywność trombiny.
Określono wpływ 26 napojów alkoholowych, ich destylatów i pozostałości podestylacyjnych na aktywność fibrynolityczną i kazeinolityczną euglobulin osoczowych i plazminy.
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