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During 2001–2009 more than 900 questionnaires on farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and crop and pest management practices by various groups of farmers were collected in the selected regions of Poland. Both groups of farmers: specialized in fruit and vegetable production and owners of farms mainly producing field crops were interviewed by the M.Sc. students, originating from the selected regions and were eagerly accepted by local farmers. Some obvious differences were presented by various groups of producers of apples, sour cherries, black currants, strawberries and onions, by leaders in integrated crop and pest management in apple orchards in central Poland due to the more than 25 years involvement of the staff of Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice. A significant improvement in the knowledge and acceptance of integrated production (IP) and integrated pest management (IPM) principles by participants of the training courses was proved for all groups of fruit producers. The critical comments on the IP courses of participants listed in the paper should serve as a base line for the future improvement in the farmers’ training on IPM as part of National Action Program to implement IPM principles as required by the new UE Directive on sustainable pesticide management. The owners of larger agricultural farms with high external input implemented much more recommendations of integrated crop and pest management than in farms under moderate and low input. Therefore a special attention during the implementation period under the National Action Programme of the UE Directive 1107/2009 of 21st November 2009 should be given to regions characterized by majority of conventional lower input in agriculture farming. The development and activity in training farmers on Euro- and GlobalGap and IP by the newly established private extension and consulting firms may support the government institution in the specialized training of farmers and contribute to meeting condition of the UE Directive on sustainable pesticides usage in Poland.
Costs’ calculation problems in economics of agriculture were repeatedly discussed in the past. Direct and indirect costs are of an essential importance while planning and decision making. Considering decision making process related to future tasks e.g. performance of plant protection treatments, the information on expected costs and profits is required. Because of this, there is an urgent need of introducing a supplementary cost classification allowing to separate the costs relevant to decision making process. Costs of plant protection – a production activity involved in agrophages’ controlling, presents a part of economic costs. In calculating plant protection treatment costs, typical rules for economics of agriculture are used. Costs of plant protection treatments differ from other costs in agricultural production due to a different influence on yield. Plant protection treatments do not affect the increase of yield directly but prevent from losses caused by agrophages. Plant protection costs can be divided into three groups: costs of plant protection products, costs of water, costs of plant protection product application.
The research was performed on sweet corn, Candle variety, in Terliczka near Rzeszow, in 2006–2009. In the period from the third decade of July to mid August, when the number of Diabrotica virgifera beetles was the highest, their daily activity on plants was observed at 6.00 a.m.; 9.00 a.m.; 12.00; 3.00 p.m. and 6.00 p.m. On the basis of performed research it was found that the activity of beetles D. virgifera is the highest at 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Thus, observations of the beetles chemical control, as well as observations related to that pest’s presence in crops, should be performed at that time.
In 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 two field experiments were conducted. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of different herbicides on grain yield and yield components of winter wheat cultivars. The experiments differed by used doses of herbicides. The first factor of these experiments were herbicides differing in active ingredient: a1 – Huzar 05 WG (iodosulfuron), a2 – Puma Universal 069 WG (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl + mefenpyr-diethyl), a3 – Chwastox Extra 340 SL (MCPA). Check (control) plots were protected against weeds by hand weeding. The second factor were winter wheat cultivars: Finezja, Tonacja in 2003/2004 and Tonacja, Sukces in 2004/2005. Herbicides Puma Universal 069 WG i Chwastox Extra 340 SL used in an increased dose caused reduction in the level of grain yield of winter wheat in relation to the object with mechanical removal of weeds. The reduction in yield was the result of reducing the number of heads per unit area. Herbicides used in recommended doses had no effect on the level of yield of winter wheat.
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