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The effects of various technological steps and raw material inhomogeneity on the composition of pigments in paprika (Capsicum annuum) powders were studied by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), using gradient elution technique (various mixtures of water, acetonitrile and methanol) and diodearray detector. The standard deviation of the composition of pigments in the samples taken at different technological stages was lower than among the batches of raw material. This indicates that the technological steps have a negligible effect on the composition of pigments in paprika powder. It was further found that the raw material for the paprika powder manufacture could considerably be inhomogeneous even when harvested on the same field.
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An original method for estimating the concentration of chlorophyll pigments, absorption of yellow substance and absorption of suspended matter without pigments and yellow substance in detritus using spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance and irradiance reflectance data has been applied to sea waters of different types in the open ocean (case 1). Using the effective numerical single parameter classification with the water type optical index m as a parameter over the whole range of the open ocean waters, the calculations have been carried out and the light absorption spectra of sea waters tabulated. These spectra are used to optimize the absorption models and thus to estimate the concentrations of the main admixtures in sea water. The value of m can be determined from direct measurements of the downward irradiance attenuation coefficient at 500 nm or calculated from remote sensing data using the regressions given in the article. The sea water composition can then be readily estimated from the tables given for any open ocean area if that one parameter m characterizing the basin is known.
Yew is a coniferous, evergreen, dioecious species. The objective of the study was to present a comprehensive characteristic of changes occurring throughout the year in terms of the content of photosynthetic pigments and related compounds in the needles of yew, depending on the sex of individuals and age of needles. Eight compounds, particularly chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoids (Car), protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), magnesium protoporphyrin IX (MgPPIX), protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), chlorophyllide a (Chlide a), and chlorophyllide b (Chlide b), were subjected to quantitative analysis. Based on the several parameters under study, significant differences between male and female individuals were observed, while most commonly, the largest differences were reported in the autumn and winter period. They were related to the content of Chl a, Chl b and Chl/Car ratio. The remaining compounds showed no significant differences according to the sex and were slightly different only in single periods. For all the studied parameters except for Chl/Car ratio, interaction between sampling dates and sex was not statistically significant. Significant differences between the needles of different age were observed only in terms of the content of Chl b, MgPPIX, Pchlide, Chlide b, and Chl a/b ratio, and these differences were always caused by the current-year needles.
Eutrophication in two different coastal areas — the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic) and the Oslofjord/Drammensfjord (Norway) — both subject to human pressure and with restricted water exchange with adjacent seas, was investigated and compared. Sediment cores (up to 20 cm long) were collected at 12 stations using a core sampler, 6 in each of the two areas, and divided into sub-samples. The physicochemical parameters characterizing the adjacent water column and near-bottom water, i.e. salinity, oxygen concentration and temperature, were measured during sample collection. Chlorophylls-a, -b and -c, their derivatives and selected carotenoids were determined for all the samples, as were additional parameters characterizing the sediments, i.e. Corg, Ntot, d13C and d15N, grain size. 210Pb activity was also determined and on that basis sediment mixing and accumulation rates were estimated. The distribution of pigments in sediments was related to environmental conditions, the sampling site location and sediment characteristics. The results are in agreement with other observations that eutrophication in the Gulf of Gdańsk has increased, especially since the 1970s, whereas in the Oslofjord it decreased during the same period. The pigments are better preserved in inner Oslofjord sediments than in those from the Gulf of Gdańsk. The results demonstrate that the sum of chloropigments-a insediments calculated per dry weight of sediments is a valuable measure of eutrophication, providing that the monitoring site is selected properly, i.e. sediments are hypoxic/anoxic and non-mixed. Besides, the results confirm previous observations that the percentages of particular chlorophyll-a derivatives in the sum of chloropigments-a are universal markers of environmental conditions in a basin. The ratios of chloropigments-b and chlorophylls-c to the sum of chloropigments-a (SChlns-b/ SChlns-a; Chls-c/SChlns-a) may by applied as complementary markers of freshwater and marine organic matter input, respectively.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a member of Lamiaceae family, is an important medicinal plant that has many useful properties. Copper is an essential micronutrient for normal plant growth and metabolism.The aim of this study was to examine the effects of copper sulphate and copper nanoparticles on morpho-physiological traits and essential oil composition of peppermint. Seven treatments of copper sulphate and copper nanoparticles in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/l) and control were applied in foliar application three times of the interval of 15 days up to flowering stages of peppermint in Karaj, Iran in 2015. Copper nanoparticles (1.0 g/l) increased chlorophyll content and essential oil percentage of 35% and 20% higher than control, respectively. The copper sulfate (0.5 g/l) increased dry matter yield up to 58% higher than control. The effects of treatments were significant on 17 out of 34 compositions. Copper nanoparticles (1.0 g/l) increased menthol, menthone and menthofuran content up to 15, 25 and 65% higher than in control, respectively. Foliar application of copper sulfate (0.5 g/l) and copper nanoparticles (1.0 g/l) in flowering stage were suggested for increase of dry matter production, essential oil content and composition, respectively.
Increased UV-B radiation due to depletion of stratospheric ozone has potentially harmful effects on plant growth and development. The present study uses a field experiment to examine the effect of long-term supplemental UVB radiation at two intensities (+1.8 and +3.6 kJ m-2 d-1 above ambient) on the growth and physiology of the medicinal plant Acorus calamus L. (sweet flag). Plant height and leaf area were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with greater inhibition at the higher dose. At the lower dose the net photosynthetic rate increased, with an increase in stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. Stimulation of physiological functions in plants under the lower dose resulted in increased biomass production. At the higher dose, total chlorophyll content showed no marked variation, whereas carotenoids and UV-B-screening pigment flavonoids increased significantly after treatment. Increased flavonoid content under lower exposure correlates well with higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, a key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis. This study clearly showed that the lower dose of supplemental UV-B promoted rhizome growth in A. calamus, perhaps due to improved photosynthesis. Plant defense was stronger under the lower dose
Exogenously applied jasmonic acid methyl ester (JA-Me) inhibited biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in hypocotyls of seedlings of etiolated common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) exposed to light. The phenomenon was observed in experiments with various methods of JA-Me treatment, in whole seedlings and in excised hypocotyls. Even very low quantities of JA-Me taken by seeds during imbibition were enough to inhibit anthocyanin synthesis in buckwheat hypocotyls. This means that there are no significant barriers to the transport and action of JA-Me in buckwheat seedlings, as solute and in gaseous form. Although JA-Me inhibited accumulation of anthocyanins in buckwheat hypocotyls. it had no effect on phenylalanine and tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity. Such JA-Me action suggests that it can act not in the first but in later steps of anthocyanin biosynthesis. JA-Me had no effect on the level of anthocyanins in cotyledons or on hypocotyl growth, but clearly inhibited the growth of main roots of buckwheat seedlings.
This volume contains a set of eight papers presenting the results of the latest research into the interaction of light with marine phytoplankton by teams from the Marine Physics Department at the IO PAS in Sopot, and the Department of Environmental Physics at the Pedagogical University of Słupsk. These results were presented at the ‘Second Workshop on Luminescence and Photosynthesis of Marine Phytoplankton’ (Sopot–Paraszyno, 11–15 October 1999) sponsored by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research. This introductory article discusses the most important assumptions and objectives of the research, and outlines the latest results. These are subsequently discussed in detail in the following papers: (1) Majchrowski & Ostrowska, Influence of photo- and chromatic acclimation on pigment composition in the sea, (2) Woźniak et al., Model of the ‘in vivo’ spectral absorption of algal pigments. Part 1. Mathematical apparatus, (3) Majchrowski et al., Model of the ‘in vivo’ spectral absorption of algal pigments. Part 2. Practical applications of the model, (4)Ostrowska et al., Variability of the specific fluorescence of chlorophyll in the ocean. Part 1. Theory of classical ‘in situ’ chlorophyll fluorometry, (5) Ostrowska et al., Variability of the specific fluorescence of chlorophyll in the ocean. Part 2. Fluorometric method of chlorophyll a determination, (6) Ficek et al., Influence of non-photosynthetic pigments on the measured quantum yield of photosynthesis, (7) Ficek et al., Variability of the portion of functional PS2 reaction centres in the light of a fluorometric study. For the reader’s convenience, we append a list of the symbols denoting the physical quantities used in the texts. The nomenclature and denotations are in line with the conventions employed in the subject literature.
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