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The Levantine basin in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is subject to spatial and seasonal variations in primary production and physical-chemical properties both on a short and long-term basis. In this study, the monthly means of daily MODIS product images were averaged between 2002 and 2015, and used to characterize the phytoplankton blooms in different bioregions of the Levantine basin. The selected products were the sea surface temperature (SST), the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd_490) and the colored dissolved organic matter index (CDOM_ index). Our results showed that phytoplankton blooms were spatially and temporally variable. They occurred in late autumn at the Nile Delta, in early spring and late summer at the eastern coastline, and in spring at the northeastern coastline. The northern coastline and the open water had a common bloom occurring in winter. The Nile Delta was found to be the most productive area of the Levantine basin showing high Chl-a. Kd_490 and Chl-a present a parallel co-variation indicating a dominance of Case 1 waters in the Levantine basin. The CDOM_index shows a phase shift with the Chl-a fluctuation. A strong inverse correlation was observed between both Chl-a and CDOM_index with SST, connoting an indirect relation represented by a depression of CDOM in summer by photobleaching, and a suppression of the chlorophyll-a concentration due to water stratification, together with nutrient stress. An overestimation of the Chl-a values had been signaled by the use of the CDOM_index, suggesting a correction plan in a latter study.
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Solar radiation at the surface in the Baltic Proper

67%
Radiation data recorded at 12 sites around the central part of the Baltic Sea during 1996–2000 drawn from the BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) meteorological data archives are used to study the spatio-temporal variability of daily global radiation totals. The annual average daily global radiation total varies from about 10MJ m−2 at Visby (on Gotland) and Kołobrzeg (on the coast of Poland) to less than 9 MJ m−2 at Z¯ıl¯ani (inland Latvia), ˇ Silut˙e (Lithuania) and Jokioinen (Finland). The monthly average daily global radiation total over the whole region extends from 0.93 in December to 19.0 in June. The variability in global radiation is analysed on the basis of the fraction of the daily total at the top of the atmosphere. The spatial and temporal variability is the least in August – this shows that the variation in the cloud cover and atmospheric properties at this time of year is the smallest. The spatial correlation is the strongest between the two Finnish stations – Vantaa and Jokioinen. It is also high between Stockholm and Norrk¨oping, on the east coast of Sweden. The correlation coefficients are the largest over the whole area in April. Radiation data from coastal stations are compared with an earlier parameterization based on ship observations (Rozwadowska & Isemer 1998, Isemer & Rozwadowska 1999). It is concluded that in climatological research, actinometric data from Visby can be used to characterize the radiation field over the northern part of the Baltic Proper and those from Kołobrzeg to characterize the adiation field over the southern part of this sea.
The comparison of species richness, abundance and diversity of phytoplankton blooms, which developed both in winter and summer seasons as an effect of lake hypertrophy, was the aim of this study. In the ice-covered lake (0.30 mg PO₄ -P L⁻¹, 1.35 mg NH₄ -N L⁻¹; TSISD = 64; TSIchl = 93), the algal bloom, responsible for high concentration of dissolved oxygen in water, consisted mainly of the centric diatom Stephanodiscus minutulus (3.9 × 10⁷ ind. L⁻¹) accompanied by Limnothrix redekei (Cyanobacteria), Koliella longiseta (Chlorophyceae), > 1.1 × 10⁶ ind. L⁻¹ each, as well as Mallomonas sp. (Chrysophyceae) and Monoraphidium komarkovae (Chlorophyceae), >5.0 × 10⁵ ind. L⁻¹ each. The toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii of extremely long trichomes (up to 0.93 mm) and potentially toxic dinoflagellate Peridinium aciculiferum f. inerme occurred also in high numbers (1.9 × 10⁵ ind. L⁻¹ and 7.7 × 10⁴ ind. L⁻¹, respectively). In summer (0.05 mg PO₄ -P L⁻¹; 0.42 mg NH₄ -N L⁻¹; TSISD = 78; TSIchl = 102), the phytoplankton bloom consisted of P. agardhii (average total abundance 49.4 × 10⁶ ind. L⁻¹) and ten other taxa of Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cryptophyceae (average total abundance 17.9 × 10⁶ ind. L⁻¹). The total phytoplankton abundance was 1.5 times higher in summer than in winter and the total biomass of the most abundant species was approximately 4 times higher in warm (139.8 mg L⁻¹) than in cold season (32.5 mg L⁻¹). The values of the Shannon-Weaver diversity index were very low, however, over 2 times higher in summer (0.60) than in winter (0.31). The obtained results revealed that in the hypertrophic lake the very high nutrient concentrations (especially NH₄ -N and PO₄ -P), found both in winter and summer, were responsible for year-long mass development of phytoplankton. The winter phytoplankton was composed mainly of very small centric diatoms, whereas summer blooms were created by filamentous cyanobacteria (mainly Oscillatoriales; 98%).
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