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The Levantine basin in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is subject to spatial and seasonal variations in primary production and physical-chemical properties both on a short and long-term basis. In this study, the monthly means of daily MODIS product images were averaged between 2002 and 2015, and used to characterize the phytoplankton blooms in different bioregions of the Levantine basin. The selected products were the sea surface temperature (SST), the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd_490) and the colored dissolved organic matter index (CDOM_ index). Our results showed that phytoplankton blooms were spatially and temporally variable. They occurred in late autumn at the Nile Delta, in early spring and late summer at the eastern coastline, and in spring at the northeastern coastline. The northern coastline and the open water had a common bloom occurring in winter. The Nile Delta was found to be the most productive area of the Levantine basin showing high Chl-a. Kd_490 and Chl-a present a parallel co-variation indicating a dominance of Case 1 waters in the Levantine basin. The CDOM_index shows a phase shift with the Chl-a fluctuation. A strong inverse correlation was observed between both Chl-a and CDOM_index with SST, connoting an indirect relation represented by a depression of CDOM in summer by photobleaching, and a suppression of the chlorophyll-a concentration due to water stratification, together with nutrient stress. An overestimation of the Chl-a values had been signaled by the use of the CDOM_index, suggesting a correction plan in a latter study.
This study focused on the phytoplankton and environment relationships as well as on the ecological and trophic conditions of lakes inhabited by coregonid fish. Studies were carried out in deep and stratified vendace-type lakes called Lake Pluszne and Lake Łańskie (the Olsztyn Lake District, north-eastern Poland) in 2007-2008. Ecological and trophic conditions were determined on the basis of the phytoplankton multi-metric PMPL and Trophic State Index. Both lakes were characterized by a similar thermal and mictic regime, with the occurrence of hypolimnetic oxygen deficits. They were classified as hydrocarbonate-calcium type and medium-sized eutrophicated water bodies. According to the integrated trophy assessment, proposed in this research, the final Trophic State Index TSIAV indicated meso-eutrophy of both lakes, although the phytoplankton-based PMPL indicated that the ecological potential in Lake Łańskie was good and less than good - due to large cyanobacteria biomasses - in Lake Pluszne. The actual loads of phosphorus and nitrogen significantly exceeded permissible levels, especially in Lake Łańskie (5-fold at the most of the P content), at similar morphometric and sedimentation conditions in both lakes. However, more intensive water-exchange rate and more favorable conditions for phosphorus runoff in Lake Łańskie could limit the phytoplankton growth, especially cyanobacteria. Summing up, better oxygen conditions and less abundant phytoplankton suggested that Lake Łańskie had more suitable conditions for coregonids during the surveyed period than Lake Pluszne, where the vendace biomass has recently decreased drastically.
Interdisciplinary investigations of 39 lakes of the Lubuskie Lakeland (mid-Western Poland) were undertaken in the vegetation seasons 2002–2009. The aim of presented study was to characterize the significance of charophytes as indicators of habitat differentiation of lakes using the number of species, number of communities and the percentage share in the phytolittoral area. Each lake was characterized based on the results of macrophyte vegetation, vegetation depth extent, pelagic phytoplankton biomass, lakes area, max. depth, SD visibility, pH, conductivity, O₂, total hardness, Ca, Mg, PO₄, TP, NH₄, NO₃, NO₂, N org., TN. The statistical analyses (PCA), revealed that the investigated lakes were differentiated according to the basic morphometrical and physicochemical parameters and that the differentiation was reflected in the percentage share of charophytes in phytolittoral (in general – the bigger, deeper and more clear water were the lakes, the greater part of phytolittoral was covered by charophytes). Using simple cluster analysis based on the number of different types of macrophyte communities (helophytes, elodeids, nymphaeids and charophytes) two distinct groups of lakes were distinguished. Charophyte communities were at most responsible for obtained differentiation (one group with 0 or 1 and second with 1–6 charophyte communities). The distinguished groups of lakes differed significantly as regards 12, out of all 18 considered parameters. The greatest differences were evidenced for area, max. depth, SD visibility, Ca, Mg, NH₄, NO₃, phytoplankton biomass and vegetation depth extent. Similar analyses were made for the number of charophyte species, for which the lakes were divided into four groups (0– 1, 2–3, 4–5 and 6–7 charophyte species per lake). In this case 11 parameters significantly differed between distinguished groups of lakes, showing, that better habitat conditions were in the lakes where more charophyte species were stated. The obtained results revealed that all analyzed charophyte indicators (the number of species, number of communities as well as the percentage share in the phytolittoral area) very clearly reflect habitat variation and water quality of lakes and thus may be used as valuable bioindicators of lakes condition.
This paper outlines the Phytoplankton Multimetric for Polish Lakes (PMPL) – an ecological status assessment method which can be used to implement the European Water Framework Directive (EC, 2000). The PMPL includes abundance parameters of phytoplankton: the metrics: “chlorophyll a”, “total biomass” while the taxonomic composition is partly evaluated by the metric “biomass of cyanobacteria”. All of these three single metrics as well as the final PMPL index values are the same scale and range from 0 to 5. The PMPL can be transformed to a normalized Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR) range from 0 (the worst status) to 1 (the best status). The PMPL method differentiates “stratified” and “unstratified” lake types as well as subdivisions into lakes characterized by a high (>2) or low (<2) lake volume-to-catchment area ratio (VQ). The metrics used and the PMPL index respond to eutrophication pressure expressed by total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration, the significance of the relationships depends on the tested parameter and the abiotic type of lake. From among the single metrics, the metric “chlorophyll a” was usually found to reveal the strongest significant correlation to both total phosphorus and total nitrogen (Spearman`s coefficient varied from –0.41 to –0.75 and from –0.34 to –0.56, respectively). The weakest correlation with nutrients was noted for metric “biomass of cyanobacteria” (R=–0.13 to –0.62). The PMPL correlated best with TP and TN in unstratified lakes (R=–0.49 to –0.70). The testing of the PMPL index shows a statistically important distinction between Good/Moderate ecological status and confirmed designated boundaries of High/Good and Good/Moderate states.
The results of using the waste water from recirculating aquaculture system for phytoand zooplankton cultivation are presented in the article. The physico-chemical parameters of the aquaculture system’s waste water and comparative culture media were recorded during hydrobionts cultivation. The indicators of productivity and the biochemical composition of investigated cultures were determined. The biochemical analysis of studied cultures included the investigations of the content of total proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids and photosynthetic pigments. Using aquaculture system’s waste water as a medium for the cultivation of phyto- and zooplankton can significantly reduce the cost of technology for live feed biomass increase in the aquaculture industries.
The paper presents the results of a study on allelopathic effect of extracts from Stratiotes aloides on natural lake phytoplankton communities grown outdoor in 40 l containers under natural light conditions. The water and plants were taken from an oxbow lake in spring (when S. aloides plants were submerged) and in summer (when plants were floating on lake water surface). Water extracts were prepared from fresh healthy leaves obtained on both sampling occasions. Control containers were supplemented with N and P in amounts similar to those introduced to experimental containers with macrophyte extracts. That way the experimental set up excluded the possibility of phytoplankton limitation by nutrients. Under such conditions the extracts from S. aloides strongly reduced phytoplankton biomass measured as the concentration of chlorophyll a (from 370 to 141 mg chl. a m⁻³ in spring and from 266 to 50 mg chl. a m⁻³ in summer). The inhibition of phytoplankton growth was indirectly confirmed by higher concentrations of available nutrients in experimental versus control containers. The extracts affected also the spring phytoplankton community structure by selective inhibition of diatoms and, to a less extent, of green algae and Cryptophyceae. Similar response of phytoplankton biomass to extracts obtained from submerged and floating S. aloides might suggest that allelochemicals were the constitutive part of macrophyte tissue and their production was not induced by competition between macrophyte and algae.
An ecohydrodynamic model was used to investigate the effect of the Hel upwelling on nutrient concentrations, primary production and phytoplankton biomass. The model covered the whole Baltic Sea with a 5 NM grid spacing and the Gulf of Gdańskwith a 1 NM grid spacing. Validation indicated good agreement between model results and measurements in the GdańskD eep, and slightly weaker concord for the Hel upwelling area. The vertical nutrient fluxes associated with up- and downwelling in the Hel region were simulated for two 30-day periods in 2000. The nutrient input resulting from long-term upwelling is comparable to the load carried into the Gulf of Gdańskb y the Vistula (Wisła), the largest river in the vicinity. Performed at times when upwelling was almost permanent, the simulations showed elevated nutrient concentrations in surface waters. This was especially distinct in spring when primary production and phytoplankton biomass were both higher. In late summer, however, upwelling caused primary production to decrease, despite the elevated nutrient levels.
We used a 3-D coupled seaice ecological model of the Baltic Sea to investigate the influence of long-term trends in average temperature, wind speed and solar irradiance on nutrients concentration and distribution of phytoplankton. We tested the sensitivity of the model to changes of the main physical parameters such as temperature, wind speed, solar and thermal radiation performing several numerical experiments with different configurations. Discussion about the relevance of the results for the expected future climate change is provided. The calculations were done for whole Baltic Sea for the period from 2004 to 2048. The results of the numerical simulations for the different areas of Baltic Sea (nine stations: Gulf of Gdańsk, Gdańsk Deep, Gotland Deep, Bornholm Deep, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga, Gulf of Bothnian, Bothnian Sea, Danish Straits) were presented. The simulations results show significant changes in phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentration distributions, which took place in the regions where a significant increase in currents (to 100 cm s-1) was found. The results of the numerical simulations for five years (2000– 004) are consistent with in situ observations for temperature and phytoplankton (Dzierzbicka-Glowacka et al. 2011b).
The classic description of a coloured lake implies low productivity (Nauman 1921; cited in Jones 1922). Wetzel (1975) initially classified dystrophic lakes as oligotrophic, but later stated that dystrophy represents a subset of trophic continuum, from oligotrophy to eutrophy, rather than a parallel concept (Wetzel 2001). Other more recent studies have demonstrated that many dystrophic lakes are mesotrophic or even eutrophic (Jones 1992, Keskitalo and Eloranta 1999). Furthermore, the pH of their water can range between 4.1 and 8.0 (Keskitalo and Eloranta 1999), and it is clear that this property should be treated as an additional factor affecting their trophic state. Our own findings from humic acidic lakes of different trophic states and from one posthumic lake (originally humic, now eutrophic with pH = 7), together with data from the literature describing about 40 brown-water lakes, can be used to verify general statements concerning microbial ecology paradigms for humic waters: 1) the bacterial to phytoplankton biomass ratio is generally high and increases with lake water colour; 2) there is a positive relationship between bacterial biomass and the concentration of organic matter expressed in dissolved organic carbon units and as water colour; 3) bacterial production is generally higher than primary production; 4) there is a good correlation between bacterial production and humic matter content; 5) the pH of the water/sediments can modify these relationships by accelerating the rates between the variables mentioned above in neutral pH and/or limiting them in low pH. In this review we show that these statements are not always confirmed by detailed analyses of the available data, suggesting that in addition to the concentration of humic matter, the lake productivity, expressed as chlorophyll a and primary production, also influences the ratios between the compared variables. We also demonstrate that despite being weaker, the relationships between phytoplankton-related variables and bacterial abundance and production in low pH lakes are similar to those in circum-neutral humic waters. In addition, we show that the conversion factors and the proportion of active bacterial cells greatly influence all of the aforementioned relationships.
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