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Allene oxide synthase (AOS) encodes the first enzyme in the lipoxygenase pathway, which is responsible for jasmonic acid (JA) formation. In this study we report the molecular cloning and characterization of InAOS from Ipomoea nil. The full-length gene is composed of 1662 bp and encodes for 519 amino acids. The predicted InAOS contains PLN02648 motif, which is evolutionarily conserved and characteristic for functional enzymatic proteins. We have shown that wounding led to a strong stimulation of the examined gene activity in cotyledons and an increase in JA level, which suggest that this compound may be a modulator of stress responses in I. nil.
Bambusa balcooa.Roxb. is one of the most commercially important bamboo species. Some varieties of bamboo are being grown in the company’s green house. However this species is very rare and it was not cultured until now due to lack of demand and maintenance problems. In this work B. balcooa ex-plants have been established and propagated by the axillary shoot bud proliferation method. Earlier several works have been done on this plant and a protocol has been. This work emphasizes on effects of phytohormones at different concentrations and combinations upon the novel propagules that develop from the bamboo explants on placing them in multiplication media. The propagules placed in media containing cytokinins BAP (2 mg/L) and Kinetin (1 mg/L) exhibited best results of linear as well as radial growth. The other propagules in media with combinations of BAP, Kinetin and NAA were found to be dried out and did not depict noticeable growth. Comparatively next best growth pattern to the former was observed in control media that lacked phytohormones. This experiment was helpful in estimating the quantity and effect of particular plant growth regulating hormones on the Bambusa balcooa.Roxb.
The surface behaviour of monolayers of wheat phospholipids in the presence of phytohormones introduced into the water phase was studied using Langmuir’s method. The phospholipids were extracted from the plasmalemma of non-embryogenic (NE) and embryogenic (E) calli initiated from two types of explant: immature inflorescences (inf) and embryos (emb). The surface properties were investigated in model systems of monolayers of mixed phospholipids with: 1) natural amphiphile composition (PL); 2) a determined hydrophobic part (16:0) and the natural percentage composition of the hydrophilic part (PPL); and 3) a determined hydrophilic part (PC) and the natural percentage composition of the hydrophobic part (HPL). The lower limit values of the molecular area (Alim) were observed for NE rather than for E monolayers in all the investigated systems (PL, PPL and HPL). The collapse pressure (πcoll) of the monolayer decreased in the order PPL>PL>HPL, indicating the high stability of monolayers containing saturated hydrocarbon chains. The injection of non-surface-active phytohormones into the water subphase and the subsequent formation of natural and also artificial phospholipid monolayers of E and NE causes a decrease in monolayer stability against collapse and molecular close packing. As a result of their amphipathic (hydrophilic-hydrophobic) structure, the surface properties of E phospholipids are probably optimal for these systems. The decreasing stability of the NE monolayer caused by the presence of the phytohormone seems to be advantageous in terms of membrane preparation for the differentiation process. All the investigated lipid monolayers (highly) stimulated the adsorption of indole-3-acetic acid (to the highest extent/degree) (among the examined phytohormones) from the subphase. Zearalenone had a significant influence on the surface properties of NE PPL and NE HPL monolayers. This may be connected with the ability of this phytohormone to affect the non-embryogenic structure of wheat. An anomalous temperature effect was observed in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the bulk; phospholipid monolayers of embryogenic calli induced from embryos (E emb) when the temperature decreased from 25 to 15°C. This phenomenon is ascribed to the dehydration of the polar groups in the monolayer.
Four genotypes of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo were used to make embryo culture. Embryos were excised from unripe fruits 1, 2 and 3 weeks after self-pollination. MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) basal medium was supplemented with ascorbic acid, growth regulators and 2% or 3% sucrose. Higher regeneration was achieved on medium with lower concentration of sucrose and phytohormones. Plants were regenerated from immature embryos isolated 1 week after self-pollination for C. sativus (Sm-6514) and 2 weeks after self-pollination for C. melo.
To study the detachment stress on the ripeness of strawberry fruit, physiological characteristics of strawberry fruit on and off plant during ripeness and senescence processes were investigated. The results indicated that the ripeness of strawberry fruit upon detachment was accelerated, in terms of firmness, soluble solid content and especially color development. The color of fruit off plant changed rapidly from white to full red in 1–2 days. The respiratory rate in fruit off plant was strengthened, higher than that on plant. Abscisic acid level and ethylene production in fruit off plant were also higher than those on plant and auxin degradation was exacerbated by detachment. Expression levels of FaMYB1, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1 were generally reduced with phenotypes of redder color and more anthocyanin accumulation in fruit off plant. Results also suggested that the detachment initially stimulated ethylene and abscisic acid production and auxin degradation, which modulated ripening-related gene expression and at last enhanced fruit pigmentation.
Eucomis species is a valuable plant with both medicinal and horticultural potential. The current study evaluated the role of plant growth regulator (PGR) on growth, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity in Eucomis autumnalis subspecies autumnalis. Five cytokinins including topolins and benzyladenine (BA) at 2 µM in combination with varying (0–15 µM) concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were tested. In vitro regenerants were acclimatized in the greenhouse for 4 months. Highest number of shoots (9 shoots/explant) was observed with 15 µM NAA alone or when combined with BA. Acclimatized plants derived from the 15 µM NAA treatment had the highest number of roots, largest leaf area and biggest bulbs. While applied PGRs increased the iridoids and condensed tannins in the in vitro regenerants, total phenolics and flavonoids were higher in the PGR-free treatment. Among the in vitro regenerants, 5 µM NAA and 2 µM BA treatments produced the best antioxidant activity in the DPPH (55 %) and beta-carotene (88 %) test systems, respectively. A remarkable carry-over effect of the PGR was conspicuous in the phytochemical levels and antioxidant activity of the 4-month-old plants. In addition to the optimized micropropagation protocols, the current findings present a promising potential for manipulating the type and concentration of applied PGRs to improve phytochemical production and hence medicinal value in E. autumnalis subspecies autumnalis.
Explants of apical buds of sandy everlasting Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench sterilized with calcium hypochlorite – Ca(OCl₂) were placed onto Murashige- -Skoog (MS) growth medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN (kinetin) in two consecutive passages. To optimize the procedure of in vitro micropropagation, the axillary shoots of Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench were transferred during the third passage onto 9 different combinations of MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs-free medium), with different concentrations of KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) and KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) (0.5 mg dm⁻³). The highest mean number of shoots (24.7) was observed on MS medium with 5 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN and 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA. The achieved branched shoots were rooted and acclimatized. Rhizogenesis was intensified by the presence of growth hormones: 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA or 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IBA (indole-3-butyric acid). At the stage of acclimation of plantlets the application of a water solution of MS salts (25%) for watering the plants increased the efficacy of plant acclimation from 56 to 75%.
Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is a widely occurring molecule. Since it is synthesized constitutively, its presence is substantial to plant normal growth and development. Moreover, its elevated concentration detected under abiotic and biotic stress conditions seems to be crucial to plant in reacting to adverse events and its ability to survive. Because of the sophisticated biochemical machinery inside the plant body, MJ, among other molecules, helps the plant to adopt to the surrounding environmental changes and is involved in its defense system.
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