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Wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is abundantly grown and widely distributed in temperate regions of lower Himalayan range which represents rich biological diversity for raspberry. Thirty accessions were explored from three different locations of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan), several traits were visualized at sampling locations and some characteristics were evaluated and quantified after harvest of leaf and fruit samples. The accessions differed greatly in growth habit, blooming time, intensity of flowering, fruit setting, ripening time, productivity, fruit shape and color. Concerning quantitative characteristics, significant differences were found in plant height, leaf length and width, number of braches per plant, duration of flowering, fruit setting percentage, days to maturity, fruit length, width and weight among the samples collected from different locations. Ripe fruits were evaluated for their chemical composition i.e. moisture, carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, ash, TSS, acidity, pH and mineral (K, Ca, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr) contents. The location also had significant effect on chemical composition of ripe fruits.
The aim of this study was to determine the extent of changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties of dry fermented sausages where pork backfat was partly replaced by flaxseed oil used as liquid (FXL), after encapsulation (FXE), and pre-emulsified with alginate (FXA) and soy protein isolate (FXI). During production and storage, similar pH values of all products were observed. FXL sausages had signifi cantly lower (p<0.05) weight loss which led to signifi cantly higher moisture content, signifi cantly lower fat content, hardness and chewiness. Also, FXL sausages had the lowest grades in terms of sensory attributes, such as colour, odour, taste, texture and overall acceptability. Flaxseed oil preparations affected the parameters of instrumental colour analysis of sausages. All modifi ed products had signifi cantly higher yellowness (relative to control) and FXI sausages relative to other modifi ed products. Regarding consumer sensory evaluation, FXA sausages stood out among modifi ed products because all other modifi ed products had signifi cantly lower grades relative to control. The thirty-day storage period did not lead to signifi cant changes (p>0.05) in any of the observed sensory characteristics.
The present study deals with characterisation of Bauhinia purpurea seed oil and meal for the quality evaluation. The characteristics of the extracted oil and the seed residue (meal) were determined out for their possible utilizations. The extracted oil was also analysed for iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, acid value, peroxide value, refractive index and colour values. Fatty acid composition analysis by gas chromatography has shown that linoleic (55.34%) and oleic (11.84%) acids were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, while palmitic acid (17.47%) and stearic acid (11.40%) were the major saturated fatty acids. Three tocopherols and six phytosterols were identified and quantified; among these, α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol was predominant, respectively. The physiochemical characteristics has revealed that Bauhinia purpurea oil has nutritive and dietetic potentialities. While proximate analysis of meal has shown that it my be used in the manufacturing of poultry and animal feeds.
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lactation stage (SL) on the fatty acids (FA) profile of raw milk of Brown Short-haired goats reared under organic regime. An integraf part of the study was also to assess the effect of the SL on the physico-chemical characteristics and somatic cell count (SCC) of milk. Milk records and samplings of each goat were carried out seven times from April to October. SL had a significant effect on contents of almost all monitored physicochemical properties, somatic cell counts (SCC) and FA of milk and also on average daily milk yield (DMY). DMY gradually decreased with advanced lactation (from 3.44 to 1.44 litre), whereas the content of total solids (TS) increased in the course of lactation (from 10.9 to 14.0%). Also the content of milk fat (F) increased in the course of lactation (from 3.2 to 4.7%). Contents of total protein (TP) and casein (C) were relatively high in early lactation, decreased as lactation peaked and increased towards to late lactation (3.7% of TP and 2.6% of C). Titratable acidity (TA) gradually increased from 90th day (6.2°SH) to the end of lactation (8.5°SH), while positive correlations with TS, F, TP,C and lactose were found. SCC increased as lactation advanced, moreover, a positive correlation among SCC and TA and TS was found. The SL had a significant effect on all FA groups. PUFA gradually decreased towards to late lactation, which was caused mainly by the content of linoleic acid. Similarly, the presence of linolenic acid and PUFA/SFA ratio showed a decreasing tendency with advanced lactation. Also the CLA content was the lowest at the end of lactation. PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio increased in mid lactation (7.8) and hereafter decreased towards to late lactation (3.5). In our opinion, a less favourable presence of particular groups of FA in late lactation was related with a decrease in pasture quality under organic conditions.
Hematological and some biochemical contents of the blood in relation to physico- chemical characteristics of the water have been studied in the fresh water fish, Notopterus notopterus. The results indicated that normal values have been found in comparison to the studies carried out in other fishes. Hence, the fish Notopterus notopterus is having favorable environmental temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen required for the fish to survive and regulate breeding activities.
In May 2010 a copious bloom of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo was observed for the first time in Red Sea waters off the coasts of Saudi Arabia. This bloom was confined to an area where water and phytoplankton flow freely between the sea and a shrimp farm. The phytoplankton density and physico-chemical characteristics of the sea water were therefore investigated weekly at bloom and non-bloom sites in order to gain insight into the environmental factors prevailing at the bloom site and their link with the shrimp farm runoff. The bloom site showed higher nutrient concentrations than the non-bloom site, indicating the possible role of the shrimp farm in flushing nutrients into this site. The bloom appeared on 27 May, coinciding with a decrease in salinity (<300/00) and an increase in temperature (>19◦C). The results of toxicological assays showed that both bloom samples and batch cultures of H. akashiwo were toxic to Artemia salina and exhibited haemolytic activity with respect to rabbit erythrocytes. Bloom samples showed a higher toxicity (LC50 = 8.9 × 104 cells ml−1) and haemolytic activity (EC50 = 3.64 × 104 cells ml−1) than the batch cultures (LC50 =11.6×104 cells ml−1, EC50 =5.1×104 cells ml−1). In the light of the results of this study, the link between H. akashiwo blooms and shrimp farm runoff should be considered during the monitoring of Red Sea coastal waters for the presence of harmful algal blooms.
Badano jakość farszów i wyprodukowanych z nich drobno rozdrobnionych wyrobów mięsnych pod wpływem zróżnicowanej wymiany tłuszczu uwodnionym preparatem błonnika ziemniaczanego Potex. W farszach oznaczono lepkość pozorną, ilość wycieku cieplnego i zawartość wody wolnej. Natomiast w wyrobach analizowano podstawowy skład chemiczny oraz wykonano ocenę tekstury. Zastosowano test TPA - dwukrotne ściskanie próbki do 50% pierwotnej wysokości, test ściskający do 80% wysokości próbki oraz cięcie nożem Warnera-Bratzlera. Zbadano również wytrzymałość plastrów na zrywanie i ich charakterystykę reologiczną metodą CASRA, wyznaczając: plastyczność, elastyczność oraz płynność. Na podstawie rezultatów badań można stwierdzić, że istnieje statystycznie istotny niekorzystny wpływ zastąpienia tłuszczu uwodnionym błonnikiem ziemniaczanym na jakość farszów i wyprodukowanych wyrobów.
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