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The study reported here was aimed at the estimation of the effects of over 15-years of cultivation of apple trees on the physical status of soil in orchards situated on various soils. The study was conducted on soils with silty particle size distributions (a Haplic Chernozem developed from loess, a Haplic Luvisol developed from loess (1), a Haplic Luvisol (non-uniform), developed from silt (2), and a Fluvic Cambisol developed from silty formations). The determinations included the particle size distribution and the density of the soils, solid phase density, total porosity (TP), field water capacity (FC). In addition, the quality of the air-water relations was analysed, determining the values of FC/TP ratio. The study showed that the values of the parameters under analysis were affected by the soil type, genetic horizon, soil layer, and also by the intensity of orchard care. Long-term maintenance of herbicide belts had a fairly beneficial effect on the physical status of the soils under study. A slight compaction of soil was noted (in comparison with the normal consolidation system of weakly-compacted one) as well as very good water properties. It is predicted that, only at the state of field saturation of the soil with water, conditions occurred that inhibited gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere.
The concentration levels of airborne bacteria were measured in clinical/hospital rooms in Upper Silesia, Poland, in buildings of varying conditions. It was found that the typical level of bacterial aerosol concentration is about 10³ CFUm⁻³ in clinical outpatient rooms and ranges from 10² CFUm⁻³ to 10³ CFUm⁻³ in hospitals, depending on the number of occupants and physical quality of the building. The increased level of the airborne bacteria in patient rooms resulting from bed-making was noticed. The Staphylococcus/Micrococcus group was a dominating part of the bacteria in studied hospitals/clinic air, contributing together 58-78% of the total bacteria concentration, confirming that detected airborne bacteria mainly originated from human organisms. The size distributions of bacterial aerosol in naturally ventilated rooms have peaks in the size range between 1.1 and 3.3 μm while in the mechanically ventilated hospital rooms with HVAC the peak appears in the diameter range from 3.3 μm to 4.7 μm.
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