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Intact rat peritoneal macrophages (rPM) treated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), accumulated more cGMP than untreated cells. A PDE activity toward [3H]cGMP was detected in the soluble and particulate fractions of rPM. The hydrolysis of cGMP was Ca2+ /calmodulin-independent but increased in the presence of cGMP excess. Similar results were obtained when3 [ 3H]cAMP was used as a substrate. The hydrolytic activity towards both nucleotides was inhibited in the presence of IBMX. Therefore, the PDEs of families 2,5,10 and 11 are potential candidates for cGMP hydrolysis in the rPM. They may not only regulate the cGMP level in a feedback-controlled way but also link cGMP-dependent pathways with those regulated by cAMP.
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Cyclic GMP metabolism and its role in brain physiology

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Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is synthesized by guanylyl cyclase (GC) in response to nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) or natiuretic peptides (NPs); atrial, brain and C-type (ANP, BNP and CNP). cGMP is degraded by several cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Guanylate cyclases (GC) are differentiated into: membrane-bound/particulate (pGC) and cytosolic/soluble (sGC). In recent years evidence has accumulated that NO is the main activator of sGC and NO/cGMP plays important role in glutaminergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic signaling pathways. cGMP in the nervous system is involved in long term potentiation and depression (LTP, LTD) suggesting its participation in learning and memory mechanism. cGMP regulates calcium homeostasis and phototransduction. Its level is regulated by PDEs and their specific inhibitors protect cGMP level in cells and are very important from clinical point of view.
The aim of our studies was to establish which enzymes constitute the "cGMP pathway" in rat and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (PM). We found that in guinea pig PM synthesis of the nucleotide was significantly enhanced in response to activators of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and it was only slightly stimulated by specific activa­tors of particulate guanylyl cyclases (pGC). In contrast, rat PM responded strongly to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the activator of pGC type A. The rat cells synthesized about three-fold more cGMP than an equal number of the guinea pig cells. The activity of phosphodiesterases (PDE) hydrolyzing cGMP was apparently regulated by cGMP itself in PM of both species and again it was higher in the rat cells than in those isolated from guinea pig. However, guinea pig PM revealed an activity of Ca2+ /cal- modulin-dependent PDE1, which was absent in the rat cells. Using Western blotting analysis we were unable to detect the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1) in PM isolated from either species. In summary, our findings indicate that particulate GC-A is the main active form of GC in the rat PM, while in guinea pig macrophages the sGC activity dominates. Since the profiles of the PDE activities in rat and guinea pig PM are also different, we conclude that the mechanisms regulating cGMP metabolism in PM are species-specific. Moreover, our results suggest that tar­gets for cGMP other than PKG1 should be present in PM of both species.
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