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The phenotypic structure of the population of Archips podana in the region of the town of Skierniewice is typical for this species in the central part of Poland. Males of phenotype "A" prevail. The index of the relation in the abundance of males of pheno- type "B" to the individuals of phenotype "A" is 0.01. Forty percent of males caught by sticky traps did not copulate previously. In order to increase the catching of non­-copulative males, the knowledge of the phenotype composition of the population and the use of multi-component attractants are necessary.
Trypodendron laeve has a disjunctive distribution and was unknown until recently in most of Europe, where it is now considered by some sources to be an alien pest. The abundance of all four Trypodendron species in Europe (T. laeve, lineatum, domesticum, and signatum) was monitored with traps containing the aggregation pheromone lineatin, which attracts all four species, in 70- to 100-year-old Norway spruce stands in 10 study areas (seven in the Czech Republic and three in Poland). Pheromone-baited, black, window-slot traps (Theysohn, Germany) were deployed (1 to 5 per site) from mid-March/early-April to late-May/early-June. Three Trypodendron species were captured (20,040 beetles). T. lineatum was the most abundant (n = 16,922), followed by T. laeve (n = 2,686) and T. domesticum L.) (n = 432); T. signatum was not detected. T. laeve was detected in three of seven study areas in the Czech Republic over the 3 years of monitoring. Although T. laeve had been detected in Poland during preliminary monitoring in 1988, it was not detected in the three study areas in Poland in the current study. The abundances of T. laeve males and females did not significantly differ in the Czech Republic. The abundance of T. lineatum was correlated with the abundance of T. laeve in the same traps. Although T. laeve has an extensive distribution, its abundance is generally low. Because the species is widely distributed in Europe, there is no practical reason to consider it alien pest in this region.
The present studies were conducted in 1999-2001 in three apple orchards differing from each other by the system of cultivation, the type of agricultural treatments and chemical control of pests. Their purpose was to monitor codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in different types of apple orchards using pheromone traps, finding out the relation between the occurrence of moths and the sum of effective temperatures as well as determining the number of wintering caterpillars of this species with the use of bands of corrugated paper. The analysis of male flight of codling moth on the basis of pheromone traps makes it possible to state the occurrence of two generations in each studied year. The maximum population of the first generation was observed in the second or third ten days of June, while that of the second generation in the first ten days of August. The moths flight began when the sum of effective temperatures was 109.2-145.2°C, and the mean diurnal temperature was 12.3-17.2°C.
W badaniach prowadzonych w latach 2005-2006, na polach doświadczalnych Instytutu Warzywnictwa w Skierniewicach, określono przydatność nowej pułapki feromonowej do monitorowania terminu nalotu oraz kontroli liczebności i dynamiki rozwoju populacji pachówki strąkóweczki. Odłowy prowadzono od początku czerwca do końca lipca przy użyciu pułapek trójkątnych z wkładem lepowym i dyspenserem feromonowym. Pułapki przeglądano dwa razy w tygodniu identyfikując i licząc odłowione owady. W wyniku prowadzonych obserwacji w 2005 roku odłowiono 12, a 2006 roku 18 motyli pachówki. Uzyskane wyniki pozwolą na precyzyjne określenie terminu nalotu pachówki na plantacje, z uwzględnieniem warunków pogodowych oraz na określenie terminu początku masowego wylęgu gąsienic, co daje możliwość ustalenia terminów wykonania zabiegów ochronnych.
The leopard moth borer, Zeuzera pyrina L., is a cossid moth whose larvae bore into twigs, branches and trunks of various woody species, weakening and sometimes killing trees or shrubs. Recently it caused serious losses of apple trees in Bulgaria. In a three-year-old non-protected apple orchard in the Plovdiv region more than 30% of trees perished due to damage by this pest. In the nursery and in commercial orchards up to 5% of branches were injured. Main damage was observed in August and September. Both cossids, Zeuzera pyrina and Cossus cossus, damaged 15–20% of the stems in old commercial orchards and more than 60–70% in orchards without regular plant protection. In this study flight dynamics of Z. pyrina was monitored by two types of pheromone traps: Pherocon (Trécé, USA) – traps with sticky changeable bottom and Mastrap (Isagro, Italy) – dry funnel traps. The second type was more effective. Flight of moths lasted from mid-June to the beginning of September. Pheromone traps may be helpful in IPM systems, for signalling optimal time for spraying against this pest. Further studies are needed to determine correlation between the catches in pheromone traps and appearance of injuries.
The banana root borer Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is native to Malaysia and Indonesia but is found in nearly all banana-growing areas of the world. Studies were conducted to determine the pheromone trap efficacy, effect of shade on trap catches and to monitor the population of C. sordidus using pheromones in Guam. In Guam, pheromone traps were used to monitor the population level of C. sordidus. Before monitoring began, two basic studies were carried out, which established that pheromone-baited ramp traps positioned in the shade of the banana crop canopy caught significantly more adults than those placed in sunlight and that ramp traps baited with pheromone lures caught significantly more adults than did identical traps without pheromone lures. Ramp traps baited with pheromone lures were set up at each of 10 locations throughout the island in November 2005. Weekly counts were made of the borers caught by the pheromone traps. The data indicated higher population levels (>10 per week) in the northern region and low (<5 per week) to medium level (5-10 week) populations in the southern part of the island. These differences among sites were highly significant. Linear and quadratic effects of rainfall on the number of borers captured were statistically significant, but according to quadratic regression models, the significance was due to differences at just one site.
The horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a new invasive pest that has spread all over the Europe over the last 25 years. This paper presents research aimed to: 1) compare the effectiveness of sticky pheromone traps of various types (sizes and colors), 2) determine the effect of a trap location on moth catches. Studies were conducted in Warsaw and Falenty near Warsaw. No trap color preference by male moths was found in tests of white, blue and green barrier traps. Barrier traps had the largest sticky area (32 dm2) in comparison to PL-2 (5.625 dm2) and delta PL-1 (3.4 dm2) traps, thus they caught the highest total number of males, however PL-2 traps were the most effective (268-381 moths/dm2). The results of the studies suggest that to make traps with the C. ohridella pheromone be more effective they should: a) be located on a stem below a tree crown or in its lower part for the first C. ohridella generation, and in crowns for the second and later insect generations, b) be placed in some distance from a tree stem, if located in crowns.
Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is one of the most important pests occurring in apple orchards in all regions of apple tree cultivation. A number of pest generations mainly depends on climatic conditions. Increasing frequency of chemical treatments led to acquisition of pest resistance to a considerable number of recommended plant protection products. Thus, considering apple orchard protection against the codling moth a special emphasis should be paid to proper selection of plant protection product and a treatment date based on flight dynamics monitoring of the pest. In Poland, a pheromone trap of „Delta” type is commonly used for the codling moth catches. The aim of presented study was to assess usefulness of different type of traps for monitoring dynamics of codling moth flights. Four chimney traps of different color (white, yellow, green of Medchem firm), one green trap of „English” type and a trap of „Delta” type as a standard were used. The experiments were performed in 2009 in apple orchards of 5 different localities (nerby Gdańsk, Poznań, Grójec, Sandomierz and Nowy Sącz). In each locality 2 replications (5 different types of traps in 2 orchards) were done. The results of performed experiments realed the highest efficacy of the following traps: „Delta” trap and chimney green trap, white the last effective was a trap of „English” type.
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