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Eggs from game pheasants receiving a diet containing 19.0% crude protein and 11.7 MJ ME (control) or 15.0% crude protein and 12.6 MJ ME were studied. Analysis was made of 60 eggs (30 eggs from each group) collected during the 5th week of egg production. Eggs were examined within 24 h of collection. Pheasants receiving the experimental diet laid eggs with lower (P≤0.05) weight (26.3 g), length (42.1 mm) and width (33.5 mm) compared to the eggs from pheasants fed the control diet (30.8 g, 43.8 mm and 35.6 mm, respectively). The eggs from pheasants receiving the experimental feed had shells that were significantly (P≤0.05) lighter (2.5 g), thinner (0.280 mm), weaker (shell deformation 31.3 μm) and smaller in area (42.1 cm2). The eggs had the same percentages of albumen (52.9%) and similar percentages of yolk (37.4 : 37.6%) in both groups, with albumen and yolk weight being significantly lower in eggs from pheasants receiving the experimental diet. The change in diet composition increased the pH (P≤0.05) of fresh egg contents.
The study was carried out with 51 game pheasants derived from parents that were fed during the reproductive period with a commercial feed mixture (25 birds) or feed mixture and whole maize grain (26 birds). Pheasants were kept in a confined facility, without regard to sex, in cages on plastic mesh floor for the first three weeks and in pens on straw later on. During the study, offspring received commercial feed mixtures for pheasants or turkeys. The introduction of whole maize grain in the ration of parent pheasants reduced the body weight of their offspring except at 12 weeks of age. In addition, it caused significant decreases in the length of trunk with neck, lower thigh and shank, and chest circumference in 4-week-old pheasants, and in the length of trunk with neck, trunk and lower thigh in 18-week-old birds. Dressing percentage was high in both groups and exceeded 72%. The proportion of breast muscles was higher in the carcasses of pheasants derived from parents fed a low-protein diet with whole maize grain (31.0 vs. 29.0%). Areverse relationship was found for the proportion of leg muscles in the carcass with neck (23.5 vs. 24.0%). The proportion of skin with subcutaneous fat was similar in both experimental groups (6.4 vs. 6.3%).
A total of 990 ring-necked pheasant hatching eggs were examined in relation to their shell colour –dark-brown, light-brown, olive, blue. Eggshell thickness, water vapour conductance and number of pores per 0,25 cm2 of eggshell were analysed in 285 eggs. Moreover, shell ultrastructure was examined of six eggs of each colour and three incubation sets were carried out with 681 eggs. Shells of blue eggs were found thinner, had higher water vapour conductance and showed higher density of pores than those of remaining three colours. In addition, structural abnormalities of the blue eggshells were found. Blue eggs were characterized by lower fertilization rate, greater weight loss to day 21 of incubation and poorer hatchability. It is concluded that blue-shelled pheasant eggs should be eliminated when selecting eggs for incubation.
The frequency distributions of seven lice species: Amyrsidea perdicis megalosoma (Overgaard, 1943), Uchida phasiani Modrzejewska et Złotorzycka, 1977 (suborder Amblycera), Goniocotes chrysocephalus Giebel, 1874, Zlotorzyckella colchici (Denny, 1842), Lipeurus maculosus maculosus Clay, 1938, Reticulipeurus mesopelios colchicus (Clay, 1938) and Lagopoecus colchicus Emerson, 1949 (suborder Ischnocera) parasitizing the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) were characterized with various statistical parameters (mean, range, prevalence and standard deviation) together with three indices of parasite aggregation: parameter α of the negative binomial distribution, coefficient of dispersion (c.d.) as a dispersion to mean ratio (or s/x) and index of discrepancy (D of Poulin’s index). A complex set of measures of aggregations confirmed the aggregated distributions of all parasite species; in all the series analysed the bird lice distributions fit the negative binomial model. Two parameters α and D of Poulin were correlated, i.e. high values of α were associated with low values of D.
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