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Background: Recent epidemiological analyses in fencing have shown that injuries and pain linked specifically to fencing training/competition were evident in 92.8% of fencers. Specifically the prevalence of Achilles tendon pathology has increased substantially in recent years, and males have been identified as being at greater risk of Achilles tendon injury compared to their female counterparts. This study aimed to examine gender differences in Achilles tendon loading during the fencing lunge. Material/Methods: Achilles tendon load was obtained from eight male and eight female club level epee fencers using a 3D motion capture system and force platform information as they completed simulated lunges. Independent t-tests were performed on the data to determine whether differences existed. Results: The results show that males were associated with significantly greater Achilles tendon loading rates in comparison to females. Conclusions: This suggests that male fencers may be at greater risk from Achilles tendon pathology as a function of fencing training/ competition.
Today, surgical dissection and tissue coagulation with both monopolar and bipolar coagulation as well as LigaSure high frequency current generator (HFCG) are the surgical modalities of choice in the treatment of thyroid pathology. However, the question of the high frequency current effect on the morphofunctional condition of the posthemithyroidectomic parenchyma is still disputable. The goal of the research is a thorough histological analysis of the surgically removed thyroid tissue specimen. The nodular goitre of 50 patients was subject to the histological study. The surgery was performed with the LigaSure HFCG. The 1.0x0.5 thyroid tissue specimens were excised from three areas. Hemithyroidectomy lasted for 40-50 min and thyroidectomy – 120 ± 4.2 min. In both procedures, the blood loss was within 70-150 ml, no haemorrhage being observed in both intra-and postoperative period. The zonal effect of high frequency current on the thyroid structure was determined morphologically, namely coagulation necrosis in the site of direct action, intensified secretory response of the thyroid tissue to the extremal factor in the perifocal area, and typical structure of the nodular goitre with the signs of impaired microcirculation in the remote area. Morphologic changes of the thyroid gland, with high frequency current used as a dissector, are distance-dependent.
Work is one of the most important activities for people in modern society. The blurred border between leisure and work, linked with the changes in the character of work has led to the birth of a new type of pathology. The aim of this article is a better knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of workaholism. The term "workaholism" is widely used but there is very little consensus as to its meaning. The present study reviews different studies and opinions on workaholism and ways of dealing with this problem.
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History and current status of Polish gastroenterological pathology

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The present paper summarizes the contribution of Polish investigators to the development of gastroentrology, and especially pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. We called to mind meritorius scientifists among the 19th-century and modern pathologists. Especially interesting are discoveries of Browicz, being the first, who described thyphus bacilli and shortly after Kupffer - fagocytozing cells in the liver. Noteworthy are detailed description of tumorous lesions being the contribution to oncological pathology of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the reports on congenital malformations (i.e. esophageal fistulas). Moreover we remind the investigators dealing with pathology of gastric ulcer disease, its pathogenesis and mechanisms of healing. Of great importance was also the discovery of regeneration existing also outside the mucosal surfaces. In the paper, besides the above-mentioned Tadeusz Browicz investigations of professors: Lesniowski, Ciechanowski, Kowalczykowa, Stachura, Konturek are called to mind.
Schizophrenia manifests itself primarily with positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive disorders. Animal models of mental diseases seem to be an important tool in understanding key theories related with pathophysiology of the disorder and are used to assess efficacy of new drugs. References describe four basic groups of animal models of schizophrenia, such as: models created by pharmacological intervention, genetic models, lesion models and models of developmental disorders of primary brain structures. Of the models referred to above, the group of developmental disorder models is particularly noteworthy, as they are primarily easy to use, and the methods are highly sensitive. High scientific value of these models is associated with the neurodevelopmental theory which stipulates that at an early stage of body development, a number of interactions between genetic and environmental factors may affect the development of neurons which may cause disorders of brain cytoarchitecture development.We review six developmental models of schizophrenia in rats (MAM - methylooxymethanol acetate, prenatal stress, maternal deprivation, isolation rearing, prenatal immune challenge and maternal malnutrition) that are all validated by disruption in PPI.
Two variations of the median nerve described in the Lanz study as type 3 anomalies were found during dissection. In the first case the median nerve splits in the cubital fossa and descends through the carpal tunnel to the palm of the hand. In the second of the reported cases the median nerve splits 45 mm before entering the carpal tunnel and is accompanied by a persistent median artery. Surgeons should take such variations into consideration in order to plan surgical approaches judiciously.
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Edmund Biernacki 1866-1911

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Protein aggregation is a hallmark of a growing group of pathologies known as conformational diseases. Although many native or mutated proteins are able to form aggregates, the exact amino acid sequences involved in the process of aggregation are known only in a few cases. Hence, there is a need for different model systems to expand our knowledge in this area. The so-called ag region was previously found to cause the aggregation of the C-terminal fragment of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). To investigate whether this specific amino acid sequence is able to induce protein aggregation irrespective of the amino acid context, we altered its position within the CFTR-derived C-terminal peptide and analyzed the localization of such modified peptides in transfected mammalian cells. Insertion of the ag region into a different amino acid background affected not only the overall level of intracellular protein aggregation, but also the morphology and subcellular localization of aggregates, suggesting that sequences other than the ag region can substantially influence the peptide’s behavior. Also, the introduction of a short dipeptide (His-Arg) motif, a crucial component of the ag region, into different locations within the C-terminus of CFTR lead to changes in the aggregation pattern that were less striking, although still statistically significant. Thus, our results indicate that even subtle alterations within the aggregating peptide can affect many different aspects of the aggregation process.
Most of glycoproteins described so far, including immunoglobulins, are glycosylated during post-translational modifications of protein molecules. Current knowledge of the structure of sugar chains in immunoglobulin molecules and their biological role in health and pathology is reviewed.
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