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 PR-10 proteins (pathogensis-related), ubiquitous within the plant kingdom, are usually encoded by multigene families. To date we have identified 10 homologous pr-10 genes in a yellow lupine cDNA library. Here, the structure and expression of two newly identified yellow lupine pr-10 genes (LlYpr10-2b and LlYpr10-2f) are presented. Many potential regulatory sites were found in both gene promoters including common ones as well as those unique for each gene. However, promoter deletion analysis in transgenic tobacco plants revealed similar patterns of reporter gene (gus) expression. Shortened fragments of both gene promoters studied caused high GUS activity in leaves (along vascular bundles), stamen stigma, anthers and pollen grains. When conjugated with longer LlYpr-10.2 promoter fragments, GUS was additionally present in petal edges. Only a long fragment of the LlYpr10-2b gene promoter caused GUS expression in the stem. In yellow lupine the pr-10.2 genes are present in all studied organs, but their level of expression depends on the stage of development and is affected by wounding, oxidative stress and salicylic acid treatment. Silencing of the Llpr-10.2b gene in 4-week-old yellow lupine plants did not lead to any visible symptoms, which suggests that the function of the silenced gene is supplemented by its close homologues, still present in the studied plants.
Winter survival of cereals and grasses depends mainly on plant resistance to low temperature and to snow mould fungi. To persist winter plants have to be tolerant to different kind of stresses: abiotic such as low temperature, long-term snow and ice cover, freeze-induced plant desiccation or frequent freezing and thawing, and biotic - many species of snow mould fungi. During the cold acclimation, cereals and grasses become more resistant to both stresses: cold and snow mould. Earlier seeded plants with a greater number of crowns are more resistant to snow mould. Infection caused by snow mould induces a complex plant response, including such processes as the synthesis of PR (pathogenesis-related) proteins (chitinase and β-1,3-glucanas), production of active oxygen species (AOS), synthesis of phenolics, phyotalexins, accumulation of callosis and soluble carbohydrates, and a decrease of water potential. In the paper the most common defence mechanisms against snow mould pathogens are discussed.
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