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Parasitic Isopoda of the Black Sea fishes

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Praca prezentuje pasożytnicze Isopoda oraz gatunek Gnathia bacescoi w stadium pranizy, który jest nowo poznanym składnikiem fauny M. Czarnego. W słonawych wodach tego akwenu nastąpiła redukcja liczby gatunków pasożytniczych Isopoda w porównaniu z Morzem śródziemnym i Atlantykiem.
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The aim of the study was to determine the level of gastrointestinal parasites in a native breed of geese – Zatorska goose – based on coproscopic testing. Faecal samples were collected from 90 young geese in three age groups (5, 7 and 9 weeks old) in 2014. The geese were kept indoors on deep litter and pastured from spring to autumn. The area of the pastures around the buildings where the geese grazed was about 1 hectare, divided into quarters for different age groups. Before grazing, the birds were dewormed with fenbendazole (Fenbenat powder 4%, Naturan). As additional treatment for coccidiosis, coccidiostats were added to the feed. The study was conducted using the McMaster quantitative method with centrifugation (flotation liquid: NaCl and glucose). The birds were shown to be infected with coccidia and nematodes. The prevalence of Eimeria sp. infection (mean 40%) and the number of oocysts per gram of faeces (reaching 5,300 OPG) were highest in the youngest age group of geese. The level of Amidostomum anseris infection was similar in the three age groups, with prevalence from 40% to 50% (nematode egg output ranged from 50 to 350 eggs per gram of faeces, EPG). Capillaria anatis was observed only in 5- and 7-week-old geese.
The paper contains descriptions of three species of cestodes from three species of penguins on King George Island: Parorchites zederi (Baird, 1853) in Pygoscelis papua, P. antarctica and P. adeliae, Tetrabothrius pauliani Joyeux et Baer, 1954 in P. antarctica and P. adeliae and T. joubini Railliet et Henry, 1912 in P. antarctica. Tetrabothrius pauliani is recorded for the first time in the South Shetlands, and P. adeliae is a new host record of this parasite. A description is given of P. zederi cercoids found in seal intestine. The question of the geographical distribution of the species under study is discussed, as well as the problem of the life cycle of P. zederi.
Changes in infection and distribution of parasites in fish of different length (age) were analyzed. It was found that most parasites colonized fish during the first weeks of their sojourn in the ponds, but only some of these species remained in fish in the second and third years of their life. Protozoans appeared to be mainly associated with fry; the occurrence of some dactylogyrids decreased with increasing fish length, others showed the opposite tendency; ectoparasitic crustaceans and leeches showed preference to bigger fish. The probable reasons for these phenomena are discussed.
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A total of 136 fishes, representing 9 species (perch, Perca fluviatilis L.; pike, Esox lucius L.; European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.); common bream, Abramis brama (L.); roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.); tench Tinca tinca (L.); European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.); vendace, Coregonus albula (L.); and zander, Sander lucioperca (L.)), from Lake Miedwie were studied within 1997-1999. The necropsies yielded 41 parasite species (taxa). The most diversified were parasite faunas of pike (19 parasite species) and perch (16 species) The parasites found represented 13 higher taxa: Monera, Fungi, Protista, Myxozoa, Monogenea, Cestoda, Digeoea, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Branchiura, Copepoda, Mollusca, and Acarina. The parasites affecting fishes of Lake Miedwie exbibited diversified host-specificity. The most fish species were infectcd by metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. (8 fish species) and Tylodelphys clavata (1). Three fish species harboured: Ichthyocotylurus platycephalus, Ergasilus sieboldi, and glochidia Unionidae gen. sp. white Dermocystidium sp., Trichodinella epizootica, Henneguya psorospermica, Triaenophorus nodulosus, Posthodiplostomum cuticula, and Camallanus lacustris parasitised two host species. The remaining parasites were found in single fish species.
One hundred three viviparous lizards from various localities in Poland have been examined yielding 7 species of parasites: 2 adult trematodes, 2 meso- and metacercariae, 2 nematodes and 1 tick. Only two species of trematodes (Plagiorchis mentulatus and Metaplagiorchis molini) are specific parasites of lizards. Other are ubiquitous parasites of various amphibians and reptiles, except the nematode Mermis nigrescens - a typical parasite of insects, found occasionally in the stomach of lizards. All adult parasites were found in the alimentary tract, larval forms were encysted in the wall of the alimentary tract, serous membranes and parenchymatous organs, and ticks on the body surface. Some differences in geographical distribution of parasites have been observed, as well as differences in infection of lizards of various sex and size. The results are interpreted on the basis of the host’s behaviour.
Onchocerca skrjabini was found beneath the visceral peritoneum of a roe deer shot in the Borecka Forest. This nematode so far has been observed in red deer and reindeer, hence the roe deer constitutes a new host for this species, recorded in Polish territory for the first time. The morphology of nematodes found in roe deer is described.
Biological damage brought about by free radical mediated mechanisms can be prevented either by specific chemical scavengers or by protective enzymes that neutralise the radicals or their precursors. Protection can also occur by repair of damage once it has occurred. This review summarises studies of the major biochemical defence mechanisms against oxidants and free radicals and the mechanisms that repair oxidatively damaged proteins. These mechanisms may be a field in the search for improved ways to inhibit parasite survival.
One hundred-fifty sand lizards from various localities in Poland have been dissected, yielding 17 species of parasites: 6 species of adult trematodes, 3 metacercariae, 1 cestode larva, 3 adult nematodes, 2 nematode larvae and 2 species of acarines. Only 3 species (Plagiorchis mentulatus, Metaplagiorchis molini and Ophionyssus saurarum ) are specific parasites of lizards, one (Rhabdias fuscovenosa) is a specific parasite of other reptiles, the remaining species are common parasites of amphibians or other vertebrates. Adult parasites were found exclusively in the alimentary tract, larvae in the wall of intestine, body cavity and parenchymatous organs, acarina on the body surface. Anatomo-pathological changes due to parasite infection were sporadically noted. Influence of geographical region on infection of lizards was noted as well as the strong bearing of host age and sex on parasites. These phenomena are interpreted on the basis of host behaviour.
Ubiquitous parasite of humans and endothermic animals Toxoplasma gondii (type Apicomplexa), identified by Nicolle and Manceaux over 100 years ago, is still an object of numerous extensive studies bringing very interesting and often even surprising observations as that announced in the title [1].
Recent literature data suggests that parasitic and fungal diseases, which pose a threat to both human and animal health, remain a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Attention is increasingly paid to the role played by natural microbiota in maintaining homeostasis in humans. A particular emphasis is placed on the possibility of manipulating the human microbiota (permanent, transient, pathogenic) and macrobiota (e.g., Trichuris suis) to support the treatment of selected diseases such as Crohn’s disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Emphasis is placed on important medical species whose infections not only impair health but can also be life threatening, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Echinococcus multilocularis and Baylisascaris procyonis, which expand into areas which have so far been uninhabited. This article also presents the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic parasitoses imported from the tropics, which spread across large groups of people through human-to-human transmission (Enterobius vermicularis, Sarcoptes scabiei). It also discusses the problem of environmentally-conditioned parasitoses, particularly their etiological factors associated with food contaminated with invasive forms (Trichinella sp., Toxoplasma gondii). The analysis also concerns the presence of developmental forms of geohelminths (Toxocara sp.) and ectoparasites (ticks), which are vectors of serious human diseases (Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis), in the environment. Mycological topics contains rare cases of mycoses environmentally conditioned (CNS aspergillosis) and transmissions of these pathogens in a population of hospitalized individuals, as well as seeking new methods used to treat mycoses.
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