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This study deals with the initiation and development of the integument in flowering plants. A classification including types and variations is proposed. The types (dermal, subdermal and dermal-subdermal) have different origins, that is, the integument may develop either from the dermal or subdermal or from both sets of initials. The characters of the variations comprise a complex of the following features: (1) the number of initials, (2) the sequence of their divisions and the mode of cell wall initiation at the first developmental stages, and (3) the participation of the initials in the formation of the various layers. The main evolutionary trends of the integument and ovule as a whole are considered.
Compared to the formation of male generative organs, the development of female sporogenous tissue of the European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is considerably delayed. The young megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte, MMC) is not observable until late October, a short time before the period of dormancy. In early spring, MMCs become moderately enlarged, with intensive accumulation of starch grains around the nucleus. At the end of the first 10 days of March the MMCs become more rounded in section and the nucleus moves towards the basal part of the cell (near the chalaza). The integument and nucellus become observable at that time and chromosomal strands are visible in the MMC nuclei. Meiosis of MMCs was observed from mid-March to early April. During that period the tip of the integument grows gradually over the nucellus and creates the stigmatic apparatus of the ovule. Instead of the expected tetrads, triads of linearly arranged unequal megaspores were observed in individual ovules at the beginning of pollen shedding. Immediately after meiosis of the MMC, massive growth of the functional chalazal megaspore occurs, along with intensive free-nuclear divisions. The nuclei become located near the megaspore membrane, whereas the whole central part of the developing female gametophyte is filled with an extraordinarily large central vacuole. During intensive growth of the functional megaspore, the innermost layer of the nucellar tapetum gradually disintegrates. This development stage lasts until early May, when the megaspore membrane segregates partially from the nucellar tapetum and the free-nucleate female gametophyte assumes an irregular sac-like shape. The cellular stage of the female gametophyte with typical pyramidal cells at its micropylar end is visible at mid-May. Then the vacuolated (so-called frothy) archegonia gradually forms. The disappearance of vacuoles and the division of the central cell were registered in late May. At the stage of the large female gamete (egg cell) and the small ventral canal cell, the archegonia become fully receptive for fertilization. Our observations indicate that the development of the free-nucleate gametophyte and the formation of cell walls among the nuclei are the most sensitive phases of ovule development in the European larch before fertilization. During these stages, numerous cases of degeneration of the female gametophyte were observed, along with the complete deformation of ovules. The reasons for frequent irregularities are discussed here; the influence of meteorological and nutrient conditions seems especially important.
The effect of auxin treatment on the formation of apomictic – endospermless grains in Poa pratensis was investigated in the study. Four polish cultivars: Skiz, Eska 46, Alicja, Ani as well as six breeding lines: POB 13, SK-W-33, SKW-15, SKW-35A, SK-W-35A and SK-W-35B were tested by embryological methods to reveal the reproduction pathway in greenhouse and field conditions. The obtained results showed that four genotypes, i.e. Alicja, Ani, Eska 46 and SK-W-35B are facultative apomictic and the other have formed seeds only on the apomictic way. In facultative apomicts it was found that in many cases both endospermless ovules containing embryo sacs with embryos or embryo sacs with well developed endosperm were formed. In the case of apomictic genotypes only endospermless seeds were observed.
The anatomical structure and the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins were investigated in the ovule of an energetic plant Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby after pollination. Material was collected from an experimental field of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin (Felin). After embedding for immunoflurescence, semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue or incubated with JIM 13 or MAC 207 monoclonal antibodies for immunolabeling of arabinogalactan proteins. The structure of the ovule showed some differences in comparison to other representatives of the Malvaceae family. Conversely, the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins did not differ significantly from their distribution in the ovules of other angiosperms at the investigated stage of development.
The term "seed pedestal" was introduced recently to describe a structure of placental origin connecting a seed with the placenta. Seed pedestals are widespread in Scrophulariaceae and a few adjacent families, but have not been found in Lentibulariaceae so far. Here their presence is reported for Utricularia reniformis from Brazil, and their formation during seed development is described. We observed that the formation of this structure was strictly associated with seed development; seed pedestals were not formed under aborted (unfertilized) ovules
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