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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various emulsifiers on stability of flavour emulsion being applied to production of soft drinks. Two preparations of gum arabic and hydrophobically modified starch have been applied to emulsify and stabilize the emulsion. The stability was determined by: the ringing test, centrifugal method and by determining the particle size of dispersed phase. In comparison with emulsions stabilized by single preparations, the improvement of emulsion stability was achieved by using together two preparations of gum arabic or modified starch and Valspray A in proportion 2:1. Higher degree of emulsion opacity was achieved by using mixture of gums arabic than by using the modified starch. Such higher opacity allows to obtain beverages with a typical cloudiness for natural juices.
This review article demonstrates fundamentals regarding the manufacturing of multilayer oil-in-water (M-O/W) emulsions and factors affecting stability of these systems. Moreover, characteristics of major bioactive lipophilic components and ingredients mostly applied to form multilayered membranes as well analytical methods used to examine properties of M-O/W emulsions are specified. It has been shown that production of M-O/W systems is based on the layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic deposition technique which makes use of the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged surfactants and biopolymers to form multicomposite protective layers around emulsion droplets. Finally, limitations regarding studies of M-O/W systems which should be developed are specified
The paper presents some results of research on the fluorescence properties of petroleum oil-in-water emulsions. The research addresses the question of measuring and modelling light fields in an oil-polluted marine environment. The fluorescence of the emulsion manifests itself in the spectral range from 260 to over 400 nm and is much less intensive in the visible light region. Fluorescence is always weaker than the radiation scattered in an emulsion. The measurement and modelling of ultraviolet radiation scattering requires fluorescence to be taken into consideration, but in the visible spectral region this phenomenon is negligible.
The paper discusses the possibilities of modelling the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) in sea areas polluted by oil. Three sea basin models are considered: a coastal one free of oil, one polluted by an oil film and one polluted by an oil emulsion. The following concentrations of oil were compared: for the film, 1 cm3 of oil per 1 m2 water surface, for the emulsion 1 cm3 of oil in 1 m3 of water. The optical properties of Romashkino crude oil were taken into consideration, as were various angles of incident solar light. The conversion of BRDFs into a directional distribution of the optical contrast of polluted areas is demonstrated.
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