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1

Effects of Penicillium mycotoxins: citrinin, ochratoxin A, and patulin on in vitro proliferation of bovine lymphocytes

100%
Stec J., Rachubik J., Szczotka M., Kuzmak J.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
|
2008
|
tom 52
|
nr 1
In the presented study, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), and citrinit (CIT), three prevalent mycotoxins of Penicillium species, were evaluated for their response of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro by the mitogens: phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The cultures of PBMC were assayed after 3-day incubation using ³H-thymidine uptake and the MTT bioassay. The concentrations of mycotoxins necessary to reduce the proliferatve response of PBMC by 50%, for PHA, Con A, and PWM as measured by ³H-thymidine incorporation were as follows: OTA - 0.35, 0.78, and 0.51 µg/ml; PAT - 0.12, 0.20, and 0.10 µg/ml; CIT - 1.46, 1.35, and 1.25 µg/ml, respectively. The concentration of mycotoxins causing 50% inhibition of PHA, Con A, and PWM stimulated PBMC proliferation by the MTT bioassay were for OTA - 1.69, 1.80, and 1.85 µg/ml; PAT - 0.64, 0.48, and 0.55 µg/ml; and CIT - 12.3, 10.04, and 10.9 µg/ml, respectively. According to this study, proliferative effect as measured by ³H-thymidine incorporation was more sensitive test than MTT bioassay and the PAT was the most potent inhibitor of PBMC proliferation while CIT was the less effective to the cultured cells.
2

Factors determining the sward utilisation of winter pasture in cattle feeding

80%
Golinski P., Golinska B., Golinska B. T., Golinski P. K.
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
|
2008
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tom 11
|
nr 3
257-262
In this review article, factors determining the sward utilisation of winter pasture in cattle feeding were defined and analyzed. The results from literature and own investigations have shown that yield and quality of autumn-saved herbage on winter pasture are determined by pratotechnical measures such as harvest date in winter and pre-utilisation date in summer, botanical composition of sward, and particularly the dominated grass species or community, nitrogen fertilisation and weather conditions in winter. The date of winter harvest as a dominating factor affects the development of dry matter yield as well as the digestibility of organic matter and nutrients concentration in herbage during winter. For the management of winter grazing systems it could be obtained that crude protein and energy concentration of the tested autumn-saved herbage met the requirements of suckler cows or beef cattle until the end of the year if they were pre-utilised in July. The weather conditions during autumn-winter period are important factor determining the accumulation of secondary metabolites formed by field fungi in herbage of winter pasture.
3

Effects of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, patulin, citrinin, and zearalenone on the in vitro proliferation of pig blood lymphocytes

80%
Stec J., Zmudzki J., Rachubik J., Szczotka M.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
|
2009
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tom 53
|
nr 1
129-134
The effects of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), citrinin (CIT), and zearalenone (ZEA) on in vitro response of pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogen concanavalin A was assayed after three days of incubation using ³H- thymidine uptake. Dose response curves for each mycotoxin were generated and the concentrations producing 50% inhibition of cell proliferation (IC₅₀) were estimated. AFB₁, OTA, and PAT were the most potent toxins with the IC₅₀ of 0.06, 0.17, and 0.19 µmol/L, respectively (0.2, 0.7, and 0.3 µg/mL, respectively). Based on the molar concentration, the inhibition potencies relative to that of AFB₁ were determined. OTA had 35% and PAT 31% potency to that of AFB₁, but CIT and ZEA had only 1.6 and 1.9 of AFB₁ inhibition potencies.
4
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Levels of ochratoxin A in IgG against conidia of Penicillium verrucosum in blood samples from healthy farm workers

80%
Skaug M. A.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
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2003
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tom 10
|
nr 1
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in human blood and milk samples in the colder climatic zones. In addition to dietary intake, exposure may occur by inhalation of toxin containing fungal conidia. The purpose of this work was to investigate the level of OTA in blood samples from farm workers and non-farm working controls, and to examine if serum levels of OTA were related to inhalatory exposure to conidia of Penicillium verrucosum, the main OTA producer in temperate climates. Blood samples from 210 participants were analysed for the presence of OTA and IgG antibodies against P. verrucosum conidia. The concentration of OTA was determined by HPLC (DL 10 ng/l), and the IgG level was determined by ELISA. All serum samples contained OTA (mean 397 ng/l, range 21-5534 ng/l). The OTA level in serum was unrelated to farm working, gender, age, and IgG level. The mean IgG level was significantly higher among farm workers than controls. Farm working, or increased inhalatory exposure to P. verrucosum, was not related to higher OTA serum levels. Inhalatory exposure to OTA from farm working seems to be of minor importance compared to dietary intake.
5

Komisja Europejska. Dyrektoriat Generalny XXIV. Polityka Konsumencka i Ochrona Zdrowia Konsumenta. Dyrektoriat B-Opinie naukowe na temat zdrowia. Jednostka B3-Kierownictwo komitetow naukowych II CS-CNTM-MYC-14 final. Aneks II do Dokumentu XXIV-2210-98 28 wrzesien 1998. Opinia o ochratoksynie A [wyrazona dnia 18 wrzesnia 1998]

71%
Żywność, Żywienie a Zdrowie
|
1999
|
tom 08
|
nr 1
46-55
6
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Aflatoxin and ochratoxin in various types of commonly consumed retail ground samples in Ankara, Turkey

71%
Baydar T., Engin A. B., Girgin G., Aydin S., Sahin G.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
|
2005
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tom 12
|
nr 2
193-197
To detect aflatoxin (AF) or ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination, 25 retail ground samples of 12 different types of seed-, pulses-, and cereal-flours and starches were randomly collected from markets and traditional bazaars in Ankara, Turkey. The levels of AF in the retail ground samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ranged from 0.03-3.16 ppb. The percentage of contaminated samples for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 were 64, 60, 72, and 76%, respectively. The determination of OTA level was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and they were ranged between 0.27-4.07 ppb (n=24). However, the screened mycotoxin levels in the samples were under the permission limits of Turkey, the daily intake of these products corresponds to at least 50% of daily diet in our country. Routine measurements of the toxin levels in foods and feeds should be carried out to prevent their harmful effects on health.
7

Contamination of herbal drugs in regulations and future devlopments

70%
Kabelitz L.
Herba Polonica
|
2003
|
tom 49
|
nr 1-2
8

The influence of mycotoxins exposure on human and animal health

61%
Sztanke K., Pasternak K., Kulik T.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2004
|
tom 13
|
nr Suppl.2, Part 1
Mycotoxins are the secondary fungal metabolites, which cause toxic effects on human and animal organisms. They are frequent food contaminants. The most common route of exposure to mycotoxins is ingestion, but it may also involve dermal, respiratory and parenteral routes. These metabolites are produced by various fungal and mould strains like Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. The most prominent mycotoxins are aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, ochratoxins, fumonisins, patulin, citrinin, alternariol and its monomethyl ether, gliotoxin and beauvericin. There are several diseases, which are mycotoxin-related. Mycotoxins cause acute and chronic intoxications (mycotoxicoses), allergies and tumours. They may demonstrate genotoxic, mutagenic, cytotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. Some of them cause strong estrogenic effects and infertility. The others are immunosuppressive, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic. Taking into account wide range of mycotoxins toxic effects on living organisms, it is established that these compounds are the one of main factors influencing human and animal health.
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