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Global fertility in cows has steadily decreased over the last few years. In the UK, for example, first service calving rates fell from 55, 6 to 39, 7% between 1975-1982 and 1995-1998 - a 1% annual decline in first service pregnancy rate. In Spain the fertility indexes in cows have fallen over the last 10 years ago, accompanied by a frequency in the rate of postpartum disturbances and culling from infertility, which, in turn, is generally related to a higher milk production. Nonetheless, there remain a few herds of cows with both high yield and good fertility. Many studies have indicated that a high level of genetic merit rather than high production levels has played a part in reducing fertility in cows. Cows of a high level genetic merit have longer intervals in-between calving and first visual estrus as well as first service and first luteal activity, but a shorter estrus cycle and are less likely to ovulate post-partum. Oocytes from cows having a high level of genetic merit form fewer blastocysts and have a lower cleavage and blastocyst formation rates than those from cows having a medium level of genetic merit. Simultaneously, no differences have been observed in the number of oocytes recovered and developed in cows having either high or low milk production. Milk selected cows mobilize more body tissue in early lactation, have a better physical condition as well as delayed ovarian activity and greater risk of prolonged interval from calving to first ovulation than control cows, independent of the feeding system. Selecting for milk yield has been associated with high levels of insulin, and lower T4, GH, progesterone, estradiol, LH and IGF-1 concentrations. There seems evidence that concentrations of glucose, NEFA and ketones affect the selection process. Higher levels of genetic merit change cholesterol metabolism. Concentrations of cholesterol and lipoproteins lipids are correlated with a lower level of lipid infiltration of the liver. Hepatic lipidosis during early lactation has been associated with reduced reproductive efficiency.
The aim of the study was to identify carriers of the mtDNA sequence related to the “mother’s curse” in the Polish population of the brown hare. Even slight mtDNA mutations inherited from mothers by their sons may diminish sperm cell motility by decreasing the synthesis of ATP and thus reduce the reproductive success of the species. In the literature this phenomenon is referred to as the “mother’s curse” effect. Muscle samples from 103 hares were collected from hunters in central, southern and eastern Poland. In order to identify hares with the “mother’s curse”, an mtDNA control region (CR) was selected, amplified according to (26), sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically along with sequences from the Genbank, using the PhyML program (9). Four animals were eliminated from mtDNA studies because of heteroplasmy. A tree consisting of 4 clades was generated. For the purpose of this study, the most important of them was the PW clade, which included 5 Polish hares (females) with sequences characteristic of the “mother’s curse”. This constitutes 5.05% of the population studied. The geographical origins of the hares with the “mother’s curse” were dispersed over almost the entire area under investigation. Two hares came from the Płock region, and the others from the Konin, Zamość and Nowy Sącz regions. A small fragment of the mtDNA sequence proved sufficient for the identification of an important functional effect of mutation in the mtDNA on the condition of an individual and the whole population. For the first time a screening method proved effective in the identification of hares with “mother’s curse” mtDNA mutations in a population of animals living in the wild. By then this had only been achieved in captive colonies. The identified group of female carriers, constituting 5.05% of the investigated sample, which persists in the population regardless of selection, may through their sons further compromise the effective size of a constantly decreasing and endangered population of the brown hare in Poland.
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