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Harvested timber has many various wood defects. Analyses were carried out on material collected in Zaporowo Forest District (northern Poland). Results show that various defects were found in 35% of harvested timber on average. The share of timber with defects varied among individual species (pine – 44%, spruce – 22%, oak – 14%, birch – 9%, beech – 5%, lime and larch – 2% each, hornbeam and alder – 1% each). The individual wood defects appeared in harvested timber with following frequency: knots – 55%, knobs – 22%, foreign bodies – 7%, curvature – 5%, inner rot – 5%, galls – 2%, blue stain – 1%, insect holes – 1%, false heartwood – 1%, and cracks – 1%. Timber defects resulted in reduction of income from the sales. A decrease in income caused by various defects amounted from 0.07 PLN/m³ for brown sap stain to 68.83 PLN/m³ for knots. The greatest effect of wood defects on the reduction of income from sales was recorded for oak timber (518.30 PLN/m³), while the smallest for aspen (4.63 PLN/m³). Due to the fact that in almost all analysed tree species the dominant effect on the reduction of income from timber sales was caused by knots (open knots and knobs) systematic solutions need to be found in order to reduce the effect of this defect. It is particularly important in the case of oak timber, where a decrease in income from timber sales connected with this defect was the greatest.
The paper aimed to present the literature review on the possibilities of microbial transglutaminase application in meat processing. Some characteristics of transglutaminase and the mechanism of cross-linking reaction between muscle proteins catalyzed by this enzyme and protein gel formation were briefly described. Examples of using transglutaminase in meat processing were given. The main advantage of transglutaminase application consists in the possibility of improving texture of meat products, the enzyme enables also to reduce the salt (sodium chloride) and phosphates contents in meat products without negative impact on texture what means an improving in health quality of such products. Other potential applications of transglutaminase include simplification of some technological processes and production of restructured meat products. The application of transglutaminase is also recommended to improving the quality of products made of PSE meat and modifying of non-meat proteins.
Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the quality of the mammalian semen. An excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in the environment of the spermatozoa, which rises as a result of prooxidative-antioxidative balance disorders, leads inter alia to a decrease of semen motility, changes in the conformation of the spermatozoa membrane, acrosome damage, decrease of mitochondrial activity, and appearance of the lipid peroxidation, which can become a cause of reduced fertility or infertility. For this reason the estimation of the influence of oxidative stress on semen can turn out to be a very useful tool in diagnostics of problems with fertility. Nowadays, in order to evaluate the intensity of the oxidative stress it is possible to use the direct method and indirect method that evaluate both the amount of ROS in the semen and the increase of changes in the spermatozoa caused by this compound. A precise analysis of the changes, resulting from prooxidative-antioxidative balance disorders with use of a suitable method of analysis is a base for accurate diagnosis.
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