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Blood sampling, especially in young pigs, is a stressogenic procedure and brings about a release of various hormones to the peripheral blood. According to many authors blood collection, performed by means of a previously inserted catheter, has an advantage in comparison to traditional methods based on direct venapuncture. The purpose of the experiment was to carry out comparative investigations in respect to the level of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol (stress hormones) during blood sampling from porkers. Two methods were used: a) a traditional one based on a direct venapuncture of the jugular anterior vein, and b) by means of a previously inserted catheter through the brachiocephalic vein to the jugular anterior vein. Blood samples were collected at 20, 40, 80, 110, 200 and 300 seconds counting the time from catching and immobilization of an animal to the end of blood sampling. The results did not reveal any significant differences in the level of the hormones in the blood samplings taken by both methods. The results proved that the stress aroused by the blood sampling was caused by catching and immobilization of animals and not by the method of blood aspiration. The traditional method of blood sampling (direct venapuncture) can be used in young animals housed in groups if the whole procedure does not last more than 22 sec., ie before the stress hormones are released in to the peripheral blood.
The level of adrenaline, noradrenaline and corticosterone in blood plasma of adult chickens immobilized by fastening of legs and wings was examined after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h since the beginning of immobilization. The level of adrenaline and corticosterone increased significantly after 3 and 6 h since the beginning of immobilization and then steadily decreased. The concentration of noradrenaline significantly lowered during the whole period of immobilization. It was also noted a slight increase of metabolic activity of blood neutrophils measured in the NBT. These results point to decrease of the suprarenal glands activity (adaptation) just after a few hours of stress.
The aim the study was to define the relationships between a five-minute episode of mechanical colon distension (CD) of different degrees caused by the insertion of a balloon filled with 150 or 200 ml of water (CD 150 or CD 200) and neuroendocrine plasma levels (E, NE, DA, cortisol), as well as behavioural and clinical symptoms (reticulo-ruminal motility, heart rate, respiration frequency) as vegetative symptoms of nociceptive effects. Experiments were carried out on 12 female sheep, Polish merinos, in the anoestrus period. A five-minute episode of CD caused a highly repetitive, statistically significant increase in E, NE, DA, and cortisol plasma concentrations, as well as a reticulo-ruminal motility decrease (viscero-visceral inhibitory reflex) and nociceptive behavioural symptoms (looking around, defecation and/or urination, stretching, bleating). Practically all of these symptoms, which were easy to observe and quantify, recurred in animals suffering from colon distension, but their intensity was lower than in the case of e.g. duodenal distension. This suggests that this model of colic is less painful to animals. This less invasive in vivo method might be useful for the testing of analgesics and their antinociceptive effects in small ruminants.
One of the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the control of gonadoliberin (GnRH) secretion is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). To examine the role of GABAA receptor mediating systems in the control of GnRH/LH release from the preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus of ewes in different reproductive stages (seasonal anestrus, follicular and luteal phase of the estrous cycle) the extracellular concentration of GnRH, ß-endorphin, noradrenaline, dopamine and metabolites of catecholamines: MHPG, DOPAC were quantified during local stimulation or blockade of GABAA receptors with muscimol or bicuculline, respectively. Stimulation of GABAA receptors in the preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus markedly attenuatted GnRH/LH release in the anestrous ewes and in sheep during follicular phase of the estrous cycle but did not affect these hormones secretion in animals during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The activation of GABAA receptors in these structures in different way affected ß-endorphinergic and catecholaininergic system activity in anestrous ewes arid animals during the follicular phase; lack of changes in the release of ß-endorphin, noradrenaline and dopamine was noted in ewes during the luteal phase. With the exception of preoptic area in anestrous ewes the blockade of GABAA receptors in the preoptic and ventromedial hypothalamus affected in specifical way the activity of ß-endorphinergic and catecholaminergic systems in these structure in all animals. In conclusion: presented results indicate that activation of GABAA receptors in the preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus of anestrous ewes and sheep during follicular phase of the estrous cycle inhibits GnRH/LH secretion. Presented results indicate that different neural mechanisms may be involved in the suppression of GnRH/LH by GABA directly through the GABAA receptor mechanism on the perikaria or on the axon terminals of GnRH cells, and/or indirectly through GABAA receptor processes on ß-endorphinergic and catecholaminergic systems. Lack of changes in GnRH/LH release during GABAA receptor activation in ewes during luteal phase of the estrous cycle indicates that the influence of GABA on GnRH-ergic activity depends on physiological state of animals. Blockade of GABAA receptors in the anestrous and cycling ewes does not change GnRH/LH release; it is suggested that blockade of GABAA recreceptors may change GnRH neurons response to ß-endorphin and dopamine.
In the performed experiments the response of sympatho-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system was evaluated in sheep stressed by repeated isolation from the flock. Immature female sheep of the Polish Mountain breed were used. They were divided into control and experimental (isolated) groups, each of 10 animals. The sheep of the experimental group were isolated individually, three times for 180 min in 24h intervals. The blood was taken 30 minutes before, and 10, 30, 60 and 180 minutes after onset of isolation stress by means of cannula inserted into jugular vein. The activity of the sympatho-adrenal system was demonstrated by the plasma level of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) and activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system by plasma level of cortisol. The concentration of catecholamines and cortisol were determined by the REA and RIA method, respectively. The highest concentration of the determined hormones was observed during the first isolation stress. The maximal level of catecholamines appeared at 10 min and cortisol between 30 and 60 min of stress. The patterns of increment in successive isolations were not altered, only the maximal levels of the hormones were reduced; the highest decline was noted in A level in lower NA and cortisol concentrations. These changes were determined by the calculated mean integrated responses; for A they were seven times and for NA and cortisol two times lower, compared to the first isolation. It is concluded that repeated isolation stress performed in similar time intervals leads to a systematic reduction of the response of sympatho-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system. This indicates a development of adaptation processes to the applied stressor.
The studies were carried out on 8 young pigs (30—45 kg of body weight) in order to assess the level of adrenalin, noradrenalin and cortisol in the plasma of animals forced to movement three times a day for 15 min at intervals of 45 min. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The blood was collected at day 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 from the anterior intracranial vein. The indices of cellular immunity, i.e. the activity of neutral leukocytes (NBT) and the index of lymphocyte transformation were evaluated. It was found that prolonged intermittent physical stress brought about in young pigs a progressive decrease of the hormones and the immunological activity of leukocytes. No correlation between the level of cortisol and catecholamines was found.
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